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BK

9th ed.

San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings, c2009

xiv, 688, [48] s. : il. ; 26 cm

ISBN 978-0-321-60079-0 (brož.) ISBN !0-321-60079-7 (chyb.)

Pearson International Edition

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000048873

Contents // Preface XV // PART I Vertebrate Diversity, Function, and Evolution 1 // 1 The Diversity, Classification, and Evolution of Vertebrates // 1.1 The Vertebrate Story 2 // 1.2 Classification of Vertebrates 7 // 1.3 Phylogenetic Systematics 8 // 1.4 The Problem with Fossils: Crown and Stem Groups 11 // 1.5 Evolutionary Hypotheses tl // 1.6 Earth History and Vertebrate Evolution 14 Summary, Additional Readings 17 // 2 Vertebrate Relationships and Basic Structure 18 // 2.1 Vertebrates in Relation to Other Animals 18 // 2.2 Definition of a Vertebrate 24 // 2.3 Basic Vertebrate Structure 25 Summary 45, Additional Readings 46 // 3 Early Vertebrates: lawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Jawed Vertebrates // 3.1 Reconstructing the Biology of the Earliest Vertebrates 47 // 3.2 Extant lawless Fishes 52 // 3.3 The Radiation of Paleozoic lawless Vertebrates-’Ostracoderms" 59 // 3.4 The Basic Gnathostome Design 59 // 3.5 The Transition from lawless to Jawed Vertebrates 65 // 3.6 Extinct Paleozoic Jawed Fishes 69 Summary 74, Additional Readings 75 // PART II Non-Amniotic Vertebrates: Fishes and Amphibians 76 // 4 Living in Water 77 // 4.1 The Aquatic Environment 77 // Box 4-1 Water-K Nice Place to Visit, But Would You Want to Live There? 78 // 4.2 Water and the Sensory World of Fishes 83 // 4.3 The Internal Environment of Vertebrates 90 // 4.4 Exchange of Water and Ions 90 // 4.5 Responses to Temperature 96 Summary 102, Additional Readings 103 // VII // 13.4 Ecology and Behavior of

Squamates 344 // Box 13-1 Caudal Autonomy-Your Tail or Your Life 352 // 13.5 Behavioral Control of Body Temperatures by Ectotherms 360 // 13.6 Temperature and Ecology of Squamates 365 Summary 369, Additional Readings 370 // Ectothermy: A Low-Cost Approach to Life 371 // 14.1 Vertebrates and Their Environments 371 // 14.2 Dealing with Dryness-Ectotherms in Deserts 371 Box 14-1 Doubly Labeled Water 373 // 14.3 Coping with Cold-Ectotherms in Subzero Conditions 381 // 14.4 The Role of Ectothermal Tetrapods in Terrestrial Ecosystems 384 Summary, Additional Readings 388 // Geography and Ecology of the Mesozoic Era 389 // 15.1 Mesozoic Continental Geography 389 // 15.2 Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems 391 Additional Readings 395 // Mesozoic Diapsids: Dinosaurs, Crocodilians, Birds, and Others // 16.1 Mesozoic Fauna 397 // 16.2 Phylogenetic Relationships Among Diapsids 399 // 16.3 Archosauria 400 // Box 16-1 Marine Diapsids of the Mesozoic Era 402 // 16.4 Dinosaurs 407 // 16.5 The Ornithischian Dinosaurs 409 // 16.6 The Saurischian Dinosaurs 416 Box 16-2 Dinosaur Eggs and Nests 417 // 16.7 The Origin of Birds: Feathers and Flight 426 Box 16-3 Pterosaurs: The First Flying Reptiles 426 // Box 16-4 The Evolution of Feathers: Evo-Devo and Fossils 431 // 16.8 Archaeopteryx and Other Birds 434 Summary, Additional Readings 436 // Avian Specializations 439 // 17.1 Early Birds and Extant Birds 439 // 17.2 The Structure of Birds 443 // 17.3 The Avian Wing 448 // 17.4 The Hind Limbs 455 // 17.5 Feeding

and Digestion 458 // 17.6 Sensory Systems 463 // Box 17-1 Chaucer the Ornithologist 464 // 17.7 Mating Systems, Reproduction, and Parental Care 467 // Contents xi // 19 // 17.8 Migration and Navigation 479 Summary 483, Additional Readings 484 // PART IV Synapsida: The Mammals 485 // 18 The Synapsida and the Evolution of Mammals 486 // 18.1 The Origin of Synapsids 486 // 18.2 Diversity of Nonmammalian Synapsids 488 // 18.3 Evolutionary Trends in Synapsids 494 // Box 18-1 Evolution of the Mammalian Middle Ear 499 // 18.4 The First Mammals 501 Summary 506, Additional Readings 508 // Geography and Ecology of the Cenozoic Era 509 // 19.1 Cenozoic Continental Geography 509 // 19.2 Cenozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems 510 // 19.3 Cenozoic Climates 513 // 19.4 Cenozoic Extinctions 517 Additional Readings 518 // 20 Mammalian Diversity and Characteristics 519 // 20.1 Major Lineages of Mammals 519 // 20.2 Features Shared by All Mammals 530 Box 20-1 the Evolution of Tribosphenic Molars 532 // 20.3 Features that Differ Between Mammal Groups 540 // 20.4 Cenozoic Mammal Evolution 543 Summary, Additional Readings 551 // 21 Mammalian Specializations 553 // 21.1 Mammalian Reproduction 553 // 21.2 Some Extreme Placental Mammal Reproductive Specializations 560 // 21.3 Are Placental Mammals Reproductively Superior to Marsupials? 560 // 21.4 Specializations for Feeding 562 // 21.5 Specializations for Locomotion 569 // 21.6 Evolution of Aquatic Mammals 573 Box 21-1 Comparison of Different Types of Fully

Aquatic Mammals 574 Summary 578, Additional Readings 579 // 22 Endothermy: A High-Energy Approach to Life 580 // 22.1 Endothermal Thermoregulation 580 Box 22-1 Energy Budgets of Vampire Bats 583 // 22.2 Endotherms in the Arctic 585 // 22.3 Migration to Avoid Difficult Conditions 588 // 22.4 Torpor as a Response to Low Temperatures and Limited Food 590 // 22.5 Endotherms in Hot Deserts 595 Box 22-2 How Hot Is It? 600 Summary 604, Additional Readings 605 // Body Size, Ecology, and Sociality of Mammals 606 // 23.1 Social Behavior 606 // 23.2 Population Structure and the Distribution of Resources 607 // 23.3 Advantages of Sociality 611 // 23.4 Body Size, Diet, and the Structure of Social Systems 612 Box 23-1 Altruism or Taunting? 618 // 23.5 Horns and Antlers 619 // 23.6 Primate Societies 621 // Box 23-2 Sociality and Survival 625 Summary 627, Additional Readings 628 // Primate Evolution and the Emergence of Humans 629 // 24.1 Primate Origins and Diversification 629 // 24.2 Origin and Evolution of the Hominoidea 638 // 24.3 Origin and Evolution of Humans 641 // Box 24-1 Controversial New Finds of the Genus Homo 649 // 24.4 Ecological and Biogeographical Aspects of Early Hominid Evolution 652 // 24.5 Evolution of Human Characteristics 653 // Box 24-2 The Genus Homo and the Evolution of Running 655 Summary 659, Additional Readings 660 // The Impact of Humans on Other Species of Vertebrates 663 // 25.1 Humans and the Pleistocene Extinctions 664 // 25.2 Humans and Recent Extinctions 666

Box 25-1 Fish Farming 668 // 25.3 Organismal Biology and Conservation 671 Box 25-2 Subtle Elements of Critical Habitats 672 // 25.4 Captive Breeding 676 // Box 25-3 Adolescent Elephants 677 // 25.5 Global Issues in Conservation Biology 684 Box 25-4 Endocrine Disrupters 685 // 25.6 The Paradoxes of Conservation 686 Summary, Additional Readings 687 // Glossary G-l Credits C-l Subject Index SI-1 Name Index N1-1