1 Why Foreign Aid? Setting the Stage i // 2 Aid’s Purposes: A Brief History 25 // 3 The United States: Morgenthau’s Puzzle 62 // 4 Japan: The Rise and Decline of an “Aid Superpower” 110 // 5 France: Rank et Rayonnement 143 // 6 Germany: A “Middle of the Roader” 171 // 7 Denmark: The Humane Internationalist 190 // 8 Conclusions and Conjectures 212 // Interviews 227 // Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Foreign Terms 231 Notes 235 Index 267