CONTENTS // From Editor 7 // Introduction li // I. THE HISTORY OF LATVIA UP TO THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY 17 // II. LATVIA IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (1900-1918) 37 // 2.1. Socio-economic development 37 // 2.2. The development of domestic politics 55 // 2.3. Latvia during the First World War 75 // 2.4. Education and culture 95 // HI. REPUBLIC OF LATVIA (1918-1940) 116 // 3.1. The Proclamation of Independence 116 // 3.2. The War of Independence and International Recognition 128 // 3.3 The Drafting of the Constitution 142 // 3.4. Domestic Development in the Period of // Parliamentary Democracy 157 // 3.5. The Political System and the Ideology of Latvia after May 15 170 // 3.6. The Main Problems of Foreign Policy 180 // 3.7. Economic and Social Development 193 // 3.8. National Policy and the Minorities 210 // 3.9. National Policy in Culture and Education 222 // IV. THE OCCUPATION OF LATVIA AND ITS INCORPORATION INTO // THE USSR (1940-1941) 243 // 4.1. The Destruction of the State 243 // 4.2. Annexation 247 // 4.3. The Occupation Regime 249 // 9 // V. LATVIA UNDER THE OCCUPATION OF NAZI GERMANY (1941-1945) 263 // 5.1. The German Occupation Regime in Latvia 263 // 5.2. The Repressions and the Holocaust 274 // 5.3. Military Policy and the Latvian SS Voluntary Legion 284 // 5.4. Resistance to the Nazi Occupation 293 // 5.5. Economic policy 303 // 5.6. Cultural policy 312 // VI. LATVIA AS PART OF THE USSR (1945-1990) 323 // 6.1. Latviaâs Repeated Occupation and Sovietisation 323
6.2. The Repressions 349 // 6.3. Resistance to the Soviet Regime 362 // 6.4. Economic Development 371 // 6.5. National Communism in Latvia 371 // 6.6. Culture, Education, Science, Religion 405 // 6.7. Migration Demographic and Ethnic Changes 417 // 6.8. The Latvian Diaspora in the West 423 // 6.9. The Regaining of National Independence 430 // VII. THE RESTORATION AND STRENGTHENING OF THE INDEPENDENCE // OF THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA (1991-2004) 454 // 7.1. The Restoration of Latviaâs Independence and International // Recognition. The Development of the Constitutional System 454 // 7.2. Latviaâs Domestic Policy 468 // 7.3. Latviaâs Foreign and Security Policies 478 // 7.4. Economic and Social Development 493 // 7.5. Education, Culture, Sport 498 // Conclusion 508 // Appendices 512 // Monographs, works of resumptive character, memories, collections of documents and writings, conference materials 532 // Index // 548