Contents // Preface ix // Author’s preface xii // SECTION I // Survey i // 1 The social study of language // The scope of enquiry 3 // Complementary approaches 5 // The methods of enquiry 8 // What are the data ? 8 // The sociolinguist at work 10 // The approach in this book 13 // 2 The ethnography of speaking and the structure of conversation // The ethnography of speaking 14 // The structure of conversations 16 // Politeness and politeness formulas 19 // Terms of address 20 // 3 Locating variation in speech // Speech communities and repertoires 24 // Dialect 27 // 4 Styles, gender, and social class // Styles 31 // Specialized varieties or registers and domains 3 3 // Slang and solidarity 3 5 // Language and gender 3 6 // Social stratification 39 // Accommodation and audience design 41 // 5 Bilinguals and bilingualism // Language socialization 44 // The description of bilingualism 4 5 // Bilingual competence 47 // Code switching and code mixing 49 // 6 Societal multilingualism // Multilingualism 51 // Language loyalty and reversing language shift 5 5 // Language and ethnic identity 57 // Language and politics 5 8 // Language rights 59 // Pidgins and creoles 61 // Diglossia 63 // 7 Applied sociolinguistics // Language policy and language planning 66 // Status planning 68 // Corpus planning 70 // Normativism and prescriptivism 72 // Language acquisition planning or language education policy 74 // Language diffusion policy or linguistic imperialism 7 5 // The spread of English—imperialism