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BK

Biografie

New York : W. W. Norton & Company, 1984

ISBN 0-393-95319-X

000122076

Rekat.

Preface // Part One the Dawn of History // Chapter I the Earliest Beginnings // The Nature of History 3 History and Prehistory 4 // The Culture of the Earlier Paleolithic Peoples 5 Later Paleolithic Culture 8 Neolithic Culture 12 // Factors Responsible for the Origins and Growth of Civilizations 15 Why the Earliest Civilizations Began Where They Did 18 // Chapter 2 Egyptian Civilization // Political History Under the Pharaohs 26 Egyptian Religion 30 // Egyptian Intellectual Achievements 34 the Meaning of Egyptian Art 36 Social and Economic Life 39 the Egyptian Achievement 43 // Chapter J the Mesopotamian and Persian Civilizations // From the Sumerian To the Persian Conquest 46 Sumerian Origins of Mesopotamian Civilization 48 Old Babylonian Developments 52 // The Metamorphosis Under Assyria 55 // The Chaldean Renascence 59 // The Persian Empire and Its History 61 // Persian Culture 63 // The Zoroastrian Religion 65 // The Mystical and Otherworldly Heritage From Persia 66 // Chapter 4 the Hebrew Civilization // Hebrew Origins and Relations With Other Peoples 71 the Record of Political Hopes and Frustrations 73 the Hebrew Religious Evolution 76 Hebrew Culture 80 // The Magnitude of the Hebrew Influence 84 // Chapter 5 the Hittite, Minoan, Mycenaean, and Lesser Civilizations // The Hittites 89 // The Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations 92 the Lydians and the Phoenicians 100 // Lessons From the History of the Near Eastern States 102 // Part Two the Classical Civilizations of Greece and Rome // Chapter 6 Greek Civilization // The Greek Dark Ages 109 // The Evolution of the City-States 113 // The Armed Camp of Sparta 115 // The Athenian Triumph and Tragedy 118 // Political Debacle-the Last Days 123 // Greek Thought and Culture 124 the Meaning of Greek Art 136 Athenian Life in the Golden Age 139 // The Greek Achievement and Its Significance for Us 143 //

Chapter 7 the Hellenistic Civilization // Political History and Institutions 148 Significant Economic and Social Developments 150 Hellenistic Culture: Philosophy, Literature, and Art 153 the First Great Age of Science 159 // Religion in the Hellenistic Age 161 // A Foretaste of Modernity? 162 // Chapter 8 Roman Civilization // Early Italy and the Roman Monarchy 166 // The Early Republic 169 // The Fateful Wars With Carthage 174 // The Social Struggles of the Late Republic 176 // Rome Becomes Sophisticated 179 // The Principáte Or Early Empire (27 B.C.-18o A.D.) 183 // Culture and Life in the Period of the Principáte 186 Roman Law 194 // The Crisis of the Third Century (180-284 A.D.) 195 // Causes for Rome’S Decline 198 // The Roman Heritage 200 // Chapter P Christianity and the Transformation of the Roman World // The Reorganized Empire 206 // The Emergence and Triumph of Christianity 210 the New Contours of Christianity 215 // The Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West 223 // The Shaping of Western Christian Thought 227 Eastern Rome and the West 232 // Part Three the Middle Ages // Chapter 10 Rome’S Three Heirs: the Byzantine, Islamic, and Early-Medieval Western Worlds // The Byzantine Empire and Its Culture 244 the Flowering of Islam 255 // Western Christian Civilization in the Early Middle Ages 272 // Chapter 11 the High Middle Ages (1050-1300): Economic, Social, and Political Institutions // The First Agricultural Revolution 286 // Lord and Serf: Social Conditions and Quality of Life in the Manorial Regime 292 // The Revival of Trade and the Urban Revolution // Feudalism and the Rise of National Monarchies 305 // Chapter 12 the High Middle Ages (1050-1300): Religious and Intellectual Developments // The Consolidation of the Papal Monarchy 326 // the Crusades 333 // The Outburst of Religious Vitality 340 // the Medieval Intellectual Revival 347 //

The Blossoming of Literature, Art, and Music 357 // Chapter 13 the Later Middle Ages (1300-1500) // Economic Depression and the Emergence of A New Equilibrium 370 // Social and Emotional Dislocation 375 // Trials for the Church and Hunger for the Divine 381 // Political Crisis and Recovery 387 // The Formation of the Empire of Russia 393 // Thought, Literature, and Art 398 // Advances in Technology 404 // Part Four the Early-Modern World // Chapter 14 the Civilization of the Renaissance (?. 1350-?. 1550) // The Italian Background 417 // The Renaissance of Thought and Literature in Italy 419 // The Artistic Renaissance in Italy 424 // The Waning of the Italian Renaissance 432 // The Renaissance in the North 435 // Renaissance Developments in Music 445 // The Scientific Accomplishments of the Renaissance Period 447 // Chapter 13 Europe Expands and Divides: Overseas // Discoveries and Protestant Reformation // The Overseas Discoveries and Conquests of Portugal and Spain 456 // The Lutheran Upheaval 466 // The Spread of Protestantism 478 // The Protestant Heritage 489 // Catholic Reform 492 // Chapter 16 A Century of Crisis for Early-Modern Europe (?. 1560-?. 1660) 501 // Economic, Religious, and Political Tests 502 /// A Half Century of Religious Wars 505 // Years of Trembling 513 // Quests for Light Out of Darkness 524 // Literature and the Arts 530 // Chapter 17 the Economy and Society of Early-Modern // Europe 543 // Capitalism, Mercantilism, and the Commercial Revolution 544 // Colonization and Overseas Trade 551 // Agriculture and Industry 558 // Population Patterns 567 // Life Within A Society of Orders 570 // Chapter 18 the Age of Absolutism (1660-1789) 587 // The Appeal and Justification of Absolutism 588 the Absolutism of Louis Xiv 591 // Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe, I660-I72o 595 // The English Exception 602 // Warfare and Diplomacy: the Emergence of a State System 606 //

Enlightened Absolutism and Limited Monarchy in the Eighteenth Century 611 // War and Diplomacy in the Eighteenth Century 622 // Rulers of Principal European States // List of Illustrations 629 // Index 635