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Bibliografická citace

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BK
9th edition
Philadelphia : Elsevier, [2016]
xix, 361 stran ; ilustrace (převážně barevné) ; 28 cm

objednat
ISBN 978-0-323-31337-7 (brožováno)
Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 331-335 a rejstřík
001452385
Contents // Introduction to Human Development 1 // Importance of and Advances in Embryology 1 Descriptive Terms 2 Clinically Oriented Questions 5 // 2 Human Reproduction 7 // Reproductive Organs 7 // Female Reproductive Organs 7 Male Reproductive Organs 10 Gametogenesis 10 Meiosis 10 Spermatogenesis 11 Oogenesis 14 // Comparison of Male and Female Gametes 14 // Female Reproductive Cycles 14 Ovarian Cycle 14 Menstrual Cycle 18 Transportation of Gametes 19 Oocyte Transport 19 Sperm Transport 19 Maturation of Sperms 20 Viability of Oocytes and Sperms 20 Clinically Oriented Questions 20 // 3 First Week of Human Development 21 // Fertilization 21 // Phases of Fertilization 21 Results of Fertilization 23 // Cleavage of Zygote 23 Formation of Blastocyst 23 Clinically Oriented Questions 27 // 4 Second Week of Human Development 29 // Formation of Amniotic Cavity, Embryonic Disc, and Umbilical Vesicle 30 Development of Chorionic Sac 32 Implantation Sites of Blastocysts 33 Clinically Oriented Questions 34 // 5 Third Week of Human Development 35 // Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers 35 // Primitive Streak 36 // Notochordal Process and Notochord 36 // Neurulation: Formation of the Neural Tube 38 // Neural Plate and Neural Tube 38 Neural Crest Formation 39 // Development of Somites 39 Development of Intraembryonic Coelom 40 // Early Development of Cardiovascular System 40 // Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis 43 // Development of Chorionic Villi 45 Clinically Oriented Questions 47 // 6 Fourth
to Eighth Weeks of Human Development 49 // Folding of Embryo 49 Head and Tail Folds 51 Lateral Folds 51 // Germ Layer Derivatives 51 // Control of Embryonic Development 51 // Estimation of Embryonic Age 54 // xvi // CONTENTS // Highlights of the Fourth to Eighth Weeks 54 // Fourth Week 55 Fifth Week 56 Sixth Week 58 Seventh Week 58 Eighth Week 58 // Clinically Oriented Questions 61 // 7 Fetal Period: The Ninth Week to Birth 63 // Highlights of Fetal Period 64 // Nine to Twelve Weeks 64 Thirteen to Sixteen Weeks 65 Seventeen to Twenty Weeks 65 Twenty-One to Twenty-Five Weeks 65 Twenty-Six to Twenty-Nine Weeks 66 Thirty to Thirty-Eight Weeks 67 Expected Date of Delivery 67 Factors Influencing Fetal Growth 67 Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status 68 Ultrasonography 68 Diagnostic Amniocentesis 68 Chorionic Villus Sampling 69 Cell Cultures 69 // Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling 69 // Magnetic Resonance Imaging 69 Fetal Monitoring 70 Alpha-Fetoprotein Assay 70 Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis 70 // Neonatal Period 70 Clinically Oriented Questions 70 // 8 Placenta and Fetal Membranes 71 // Placenta 71 // Decidua 72 // Development of Placenta 72 Fetomaternal Junction 72 Intervillous Space 72 Amniochorionic Membrane 74 Placental Circulation 74 Parturition 79 // Stages of Labor 79 Placenta and Fetal Membranes after Birth 80 // Umbilical Cord 82 // Amnion and Amniotic Fluid 82 // Significance of Amniotic Fluid 84 // Umbilical Vesicle 84 // Significance of Umbilical Vesicle 84
Allantois 84 // Multiple Pregnancies 85 // Twins and Fetal Membranes 85 Other Types of Multiple Births 88 // Clinically Oriented Questions 89 // 9 Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm 91 // Embryonic Body Cavity 91 // Mesenteries 92 // Division of Embryonic Body Cavity 92 Development of Diaphragm 95 // Septum Transversum 95 Pleuroperitoneal Membranes 95 Dorsal Mesentery of Esophagus 95 Muscular Ingrowth from Lateral Body Walls 96 // Positional Changes and Innervation of the Diaphragm 96 // Clinically Oriented Questions 99 //  ? Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck 101 // Pharyngeal Arches 101 // Pharyngeal Arch Components 102 Pharyngeal Pouches 106 Derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouches 106 Pharyngeal Grooves 108 Pharyngeal Membranes 110 Development of Thyroid Gland 111 Development of Tongue 111 // Lingual Papillae and Taste Buds 114 Nerve Supply of Tongue 114 Development of Salivary Glands 115 Development of Face 115 Development of Nasal Cavities 119 Paranasal Sinuses 120 Development of Palate 121 Primary Palate 121 Secondary Palate 121 Clinically Oriented Questions 126 // 1 1 Respiratory System 127 // Development of Larynx 129 Development of Trachea 129 Development of Bronchi and Lungs 130 // Maturation of Lungs 133 // Clinically Oriented Questions 135 // CONTENTS // xvii // 1 2 Alimentary System 137 // Foregut 137 // Development of Esophagus 138 Development of Stomach 138 Development of Duodenum 141 Development of Liver and Biliary Apparatus 141 Development of Pancreas 143
Development of Spleen 143 Midgut 144 // Rotation of Midgut Loop 145 Cecum and Appendix 145 Hindgut 153 Cloaca 153 Anal Canal 155 // Clinically Oriented Questions 160 // 1 3 Urogenital System 161 // Development of Urinary System 161 // Development of Kidneys and Ureters 161 // Positional Changes of Kidneys 165 Changes in Blood Supply of Kidneys 166 // Development of Urinary Bladder 170 Development of Urethra 172 // Development of Suprarenal Glands 172 Development of Genital System 174 // Development of Gonads 174 Development of Genital Ducts 179 Development of External Genitalia 180 // Development of Inguinal Canals 184 Relocation of Testes and Ovaries 187 // Descent of Testes 187 Descent of Ovaries 187 // Clinically Oriented Questions 188 // 1 4 Cardiovascular System 189 // Early Development of Heart and Blood Vessels 190 // Development of Veins Associated with Embryonic Heart 190 Pharyngeal Arch Arteries and Other Branches of the Dorsal Aorta 193 Fate of Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries 193 // Later Development of Heart 193 // Circulation through Primordial Heart 197 // Partitioning of Primordial Heart 197 // Changes in Sinus Venosus 199 Primordial Pulmonary Vein and Formation of Left Atrium 199 // Partitioning of Primordial Ventricle 199 Partitioning of Bulbus Cordis and Truncus Arteriosus 201 // Development of Cardiac Valves 203 Conducting System of Heart 203 // Birth Defects of Heart and Great Vessels 204 // Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 213 // Derivatives of First
Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 214 // Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 214 Derivatives of Third Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 214 // Derivatives of Fourth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 214 Fate of Fifth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 214 // Derivatives of Sixth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 214 // Pharyngeal Arch Arterial Birth Defects 216 Fetal and Neonatal Circulation 216 // Fetal Circulation 219 Transitional Neonatal Circulation 221 Derivatives of Fetal Vessels and Structures 221 // Development of the Lymphatic System 222 // Development of Lymph Nodes 222 Development of Spleen and Tonsils 223 // Clinically Oriented Questions 223 // 1 5 Musculoskeletal System 225 // Skeletal System 225 // Development of Cartilage and Bone 227 // Histogenesis of Cartilage 227 Histogenesis of Bone 227 Development of Joints 229 Fibrous Joints 229 Cartilaginous Joints 229 Synovial Joints 229 Development of Axial Skeleton 229 // Development of Vertebral Column 230 Cartilaginous Stage of Vertebral Development 231 Bony Stage of Vertebral Development 231 Development of Ribs 232 // xviii // CONTENTS // Development of Sternum 232 Development of Cranium 232 Development of Appendicular Skeleton 236 Muscular System 238 // Development of Skeletal Muscle 239 Development of Smooth Muscle 241 Development of Cardiac Muscle 241 Development of Limbs 241 // Early Stages of Limb Development 241 Final Stages of Limb Development 243 Cutaneous Innervation of Limbs 244 Blood Supply
of Limbs 244 Clinically Oriented Questions 249 // 1 6 Nervous System 251 // Development of Nervous System 251 Development of Spinal Cord 254 // Development of Spinal Ganglia 256 Development of Spinal Meninges 257 Positional Changes of Spinal Cord 257 Myelination of Nerve Fibers 257 // Birth Defects of Spinal Cord 257 Development of Brain 259 // Brain Flexures 259 Hindbrain 259 Myelencephalon 260 Metencephalon 261 Choroid Plexuses and Cerebrospinal Fluid 263 Midbrain 264 Forebrain 264 // Congenital Anomalies of Brain 268 Development of Peripheral Nervous System 272 // Spinal Nerves 273 Cranial Nerves 273 // Development of Autonomic Nervous System 275 // Sympathetic Nervous System 275 Parasympathetic Nervous System 275 // Clinically Oriented Questions 275 // 1 7 Development of Eyes and Ears 277 // Development of Eyes and Related Structures 277 // Development of Retina 279 Development of Choroid and Sclera 282 // Development of Ciliary Body 282 Development of Iris 283 // Development of Lens 283 Development of Aqueous Chambers 283 Development of Cornea 284 Development of Eyelids 284 Development of Lacrimal Glands 284 Development of Ears 284 // Development of Internal Ears 284 Development of Middle Ears 285 Development of External Ears 286 Clinically Oriented Questions 289 // 1 8 Integumentary System 291 // Development of Skin and Appendages 291 // Epidermis 291 Dermis 292 // Development of Glands 293 // Development of Hairs 294 Development of Nails 294 Development of Mammary Glands
295 Development of Teeth 296 // Bud Stage of Tooth Development 296 Cap Stage of Tooth Development 297 Bell Stage of Tooth Development 297 Tooth Eruption 299 // Clinically Oriented Questions 301 // 1 9 Human Birth Defects 303 // Teratology: Study of Abnormal Development 303 Birth Defects Caused by Genetic Factors 304 // Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities 304 Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities 308 Birth Defects Caused by Mutant Genes 310 // Birth Defects Caused by Environmental Factors 311 // Principles of Teratogenesis 311 Human Teratogens 314 Environmental Chemicals as Teratogens 317 // Infectious Agents as Teratogens 317 Radiation as a Teratogen 318 Maternal Factors as Teratogens 318 Mechanical Factors as Teratogens 319 // Birth Defects Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance 319 // Clinically Oriented Questions 319 // CONTENTS // xix // 20 The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Development 321 // Intercellular Communication 322 // Gap Junctions 322 Cell Adhesion Molecules 322 Morphogens 323 Retinoic Acid 323 Transforming Growth Factor-ß/Bone Morphogenetic Protein 323 Sonic Hedgehog 323 Wnt/ß-Catenin Pathway 325 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 325 Common Features 325 Regulation of Angiogenesis by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 326 Notch-Delta Pathway 326 Transcription Factors 326 // Hox/Homeobox Proteins 327 Pax Genes 327 // Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors 328 // Epigenetics 328 // DNA Methylation 328 Histone Modifications 328 // Stem Cells: Differentiation versus Pluripotency
329 // Summary of Common Signaling Pathways Used during Development 329 // Bibliography and Suggested Reading 331 // Answers to Clinically Oriented Questions 337 // Index 347

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