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BK

Second revised edition

Brno : Masaryk University, 2012

325 stran : ilustrace ; 30 cm

ISBN 978-80-210-5758-6 (brožováno)

čeština

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Nad názvem: Masarykova univerzita, Lékařská fakulta

340 výtisků

2. dotisk 2014 (550 výtisků), 3. dotisk 2017 (300 výtisků)

Obsahuje bibliografické odkazy

001452391

1 Biophysics and its importance for medicine (I. Hrazdira) 9 // 2 The structure of living matter (V. Mornstein) 11 // 2.1 A recapitulation of quantum and nuclear physics 11 // 2.1.1 The sub-molecular structure of matter 11 // 2.1.1.1 The four fundamental interactions ? // 2.1.1.2 Elementary particles of matter 12 // 2.1.1.3 The quantum properties of particles and their consequences 13 // 2.1.2 General properties of atoms 15 // 2.1.2.1 The electron shell of the atom 15 // 2.1.2.2 The atomic nucleus and its properties 18 // 2.1.3 Radioactivity and ionizing radiation 20 // 2.1.3.1 Radioactive decay types 20 // 2.1.3.2 The laws of radioactive decay 22 // 2.1.3.3 Interaction of ionizing radiation with matter 24 // 2.1.4 Units used to measure ionizing radiation 28 // 2.2 An introduction to molecular biophysics 29 // 2.2.1 Physico-chemical properties of molecules and their structure 29 // 2.2.1.1 Strong interactions between atoms - chemical bonds 29 // 2.2.1.2 Weak chemical interactions 31 // 2.2.1.3 Cohesive forces and liquid viscosity 32 // 2.2.2 Basic properties of water 33 // 2.2.2.1 Water and its properties 33 // 2.2.2.2 The function of water in organisms 34 // 2.2.3 Biopolymers and their structure 35 // 2.2.3.1 Structure of nucleic acids 35 // 2.2.3.2 Protein structures and their modifications 36 // 2.2.3.3 Overview of the methods of studying biopolymer structures 39 // 2.2.4 Dispersion systems and their properties 41 // 2.2.4.1 Types of dispersion systems 41 // 2.2.4.2 Colloidal dispersions and their physical properties 43 // 2.2.4.3 Methods of analyzing colloids and some macroheterogeneous systems 44 // 3 An introduction to thermodynamics and bioenergetics (V. Mornstein) 48 // 3.1 Basic concepts and laws of equilibrium thermodynamics 48 // 3.1.1 Basic properties of thermodynamic systems 48 // 3.1.2 Work of the thermodynamic system. Temperature and heat 49 //

3.1.3 Equations of state and basic processes in gases 51 // 3.1.4 The laws of thermodynamics 53 // 3.1.5 Thermodynamic potentials 55 // 3.1.6 Chemical potential 57 // 3.1.7 Chemical equilibrium and chemical work 58 // 3.2 Interpretation of some theoretical aspects of statistical physics 60 // 3.3 Application of the theoretical aspects of thermodynamics 64 // 3.3.1 Osmotic pressure 64 // 3.3.2 Phases of matter and phase equilibria 66 // 3.3.3 Surface and adsorption phenomena 70 // 3.3.4 Galvanic cell 72 // 3.3.5 Resting membrane voltage (potential) 74 // 3.3.5.1 The Nemst equation for resting membrane voltage 74 // 3.3.5.2. Donnan’s equilibrium 76 // 3.4 An outline of the thermodynamics of living systems 77 // 3.4.1 Entropy production and the stationary state 77 // 3.4.2 Examples of non-equilibrium thermodynamic processes 79 // 3.4.2.1 Diffusion 79 // 3.4.2.2. The Goldman equation (resting membrane voltage) 80 // 3.4.3 Nonlinear thermodynamics and dissipative structures 81 // 3.5. Energetic processes in living systems 83 // 3.5.1 Sources and conversions of energy in living systems 84 // 3.5.2 Energy consumption in living systems 85 // 4 Mechanical properties of living systems (I. Hrazdira and J. Škorpíková) 87 // 4.1 Basic concepts of mechanics 87 // 4.1.1 Mechanics of solids (J. Škorpíková) 87 // 4.1.2 Biomechanics 90 // 4.1.3 Classification of substances by mechanical properties 91 // 4.2 Structure and mechanical properties of cells 92 // 4.2.1 Structure of eukaryotic cells 92 // 4.2.2 Static mechanical properties 93 // 4.2.3 Dynamic properties 94 // 4.3 Mechanical properties of multi-cellular systems 96 // 4.3.1 Mechanical properties of teeth 96 // 4.3.2 Mechanical properties of the supportive-locomotor system 96 // 4.3.2.1 Statics and kinematics of bones and joints 96 // 4.3.2.2 Biomechanics of muscle contraction 98 // 4.3.3 Biomechanics of the cardiovascular system 99 //

4.3.3.1 Heart as a pump 99 // 4.3.3.2 Physical laws of flow 100 // 4.3.3.3 Blood flow 101 // 4.3.3.4 Mechanical properties of blood vessels 103 // 4.3.3.5 Blood flow in capillaries 105 // 4.3.3.6 Mechanical properties of blood 106 // 4.3.4 Biomechanics of breathing 106 // 4.3.4.1 Mechanics of breathing 106 // 4.3.4.2 Breathing resistance 107 // 4.3.4.3 Respiratory volumes and capacities 108 // 4.3.4.4 Mechanism of gas exchange between external and internal environment 109 // 4.3.5 Human voice and its properties 110 // 4.3.5.1 Origin of human voice 110 // 4.3.5.2 Acoustic composition ofhuman speech 110 // 4.3.6 Biophysics of the urinary system Ill // 4.3.6.1 Glomerular filtration 112 // 4.3.6.2 Biophysical functions of the tubules 113 // 4.3.7 Biomechanics of the digestive system 113 // 5 Electrical phenomena and living systems (I. Hrazdira, V. Mornstein and J. Škorpíková) 116 // 5.1 Basic concepts and principles of electricity (J. Škorpíková) 116 // 5.1.1 Electric field 116 // 5.1.2 Electric current 118 // 5.1.3 Work and electric power of constant current 120 // 5.1.4 Magnetic field 120 // 5.2 Electrical phenomena in cells (V. Mornstein) 121 // 5.2.1 Resting membrane potential (voltage) 121 // 5.2.1.1 Measurement of the membrane potential 122 // 5.2.2.2 Origin of the action potential 123 // 5.2.3 Propagation of the action potential 124 // 5.2.4 Synaptic transfer of the action potential 125 // 5.2.4.1. Basic function of the synapse 125 // 5.2.4.2 Excitatory and inhibitory synapses 126 // 5.2.4.3 Summation of postsynaptic potentials and the origin of the action potential 127 // 5.2.5 Modelling electric properties of the cell membrane 127 // 5.3 Electric properties of tissues (I. Hrazdira) 128 // 5.3.1 Conduction of electric current through tissues 128 // 5.3.2 Electrical excitability 129 // 5.3.3 Passive electric properties 131 //

6 General characteristics of sensory perception (I. Hrazdira) 133 // 6.1 Sensory receptor classification 133 // 6.2 The transducing function of sensory receptors 134 // 6.3 The biophysical relationship between stimulus and sensation 135 // 6.4 The biophysics of perceiving chemical impulses 136 // 6.5 The structure and function of smell and taste receptors 137 // 7 The biophysics of perception of acoustic stimuli (I. Hrazdira) 139 // 7.1 The basic concepts of acoustics 139 // 7.2 Loudness, hearing field 140 // 7.3 The biophysical function of the ear 141 // 7.3.1 The mechanism of conveying acoustic signals 141 // 7.3.2 The mechanism of receiving and analyzing acoustic signals 143 // 7.3.3 Electrical phenomena related to sound reception 145 // 7.4 The biophysical function of the vestibular apparatus 146 // 7.5 Correction of hearing deficiency 147 // 7.5.1 The physical principles of examining hearing deficiencies 147 // 7.5.2 The principles for correcting hearing deficiencies 148 // 8 Reception and processing of optical stimuli (I. Hrazdira and J. Škorpíková) 149 // 8.1 Light - physical properties and sources (J. Škorpíková) 149 // 8.2 Optical properties of the eye 154 // 8.2.1 The structure of the eyeball and the optical properties of its media 154 // 8.2.2 Accommodation 156 // 8.2.3 Spherical ametropia 157 // 8.2.4 Aspherical ametropia 158 // 8.3 The mechanism of perceiving light stimuli 158 // 8.3.1 Structure of the retina 158 // 8.3.2 Vision 160 // 8.3.3 Colour vision and its disorders 162 // 8.3.4 Electrical phenomena in the retina 164 // 8.4 Correction of the distortions of the optical system of the eye 165 // 8.4.1 Glasses 165 // 8.4.2 Contact lenses 166 // 8.4.3 Artificial intraocular lens 167 // 8.4.4 Retinal implants 167 // 9 The impact of physical factors on living systems (I. Hrazdira) 168 // 9.1 The impact of mechanical factors 168 //

9.1.1 The impact of pressure changes 168 // 9.1.2 The impact of velocity changes 170 // 9.1.3 The impact of mechanical forces 171 // 9.2 The impact of acoustic factors 172 // 9.2.1 The impact of sound fields 172 // 9.2.2 Effects of ultrasound 173 // 9.3 The impact of meteorological conditions on the organism 174 // 9.4 Effects of electric currents 176 // 9.4.1 Electric current conduction through tissues 176 // 9.4.2 Electric shocks 177 // 9.5 Effects of magnetic fields 178 // 9.6 Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation 180 // 9.6.1 Physical characteristics of visible radiation. Laser light 180 // 9.6.2 Biological effects of optical radiation 182 // 9.7 Biological effects of ionizing radiation 184 // 9.7.1 Mechanisms of the effects 184 // 9.7.2 Biological effects of nuclear explosions 185 // 9.7.3 Protection against ionizing radiation 187 // 10 The human organism as a source of information (I. Hrazdira) 188 // 10.1 Biosignals and their classification 188 // 10.2 Biosignal processing 189 // 11 Measuring and recording diagnostic methods (I. Hrazdira and V. Mornstein) 191 // 11.1 Detection and measurement of mechanical quantities (V. Mornstein) 191 // 11.1.1 Pressure measurement (tonometry) 191 // 11.1.1.1 The transducers 192 // 11.1.1.2 Blood pressure 193 // 11.1.1.3 Other methods of pressure measurement in medicine 193 // 11.1.2 Measurement of mechanical work and power 193 // 11.1.3 Measurement of mechanical properties of liquids 194 // 11.1.4 Detection of low-frequency mechanical vibrations and sounds 195 // 11.2 Temperature measurement (I. Hrazdira) 195 // 11.2.1 Contact thermometric methods 196 // 11.2.1.1 Thermal volume expansion of liquids 196 // 11.2.1.2 Thermal expansion of metals 196 // 11.2.1.3 Changes in electrical properties of materials 196 // 11.2.2 Contactless temperature measurement 197 // 11.3 Electrodiagnostic methods (I. Hrazdira) 198 //

11.3.1 Electrodes 198 // 11.3.2 Processing of electrical signals 199 // 11.3.3 Detecting electrodiagnostic methods 200 // 11.3.3.1 Electrocardiography (EKG) 200 // 11.3.3.2 Electromyography (EMG) 203 // 11.3.3.3 Electroencephalography (EEG) 204 // 11.3.3.4 Electroretinography (ERG) 205 // 11.3.3.5 Diagnostic value of magnetic signals 205 // 11.3.4 Stimulatimg electrodiagnostic methods 206 // 11.4 Electrochemical analytical methods (V. Mornstein) 207 // 11.4.1 Main kinds of electrodes 207 // 11.4.2 Conductometry 209 // 11.4.3 Polarography and voltametry 210 // 11.5 Optical laboratory methods (V. Mornstein) 211 // 11.5.1 Spectrophotometry 211 // 11.5.2 Polarimetry 213 // 11.5.3 Refractometry 214 // 11.6 Methods of microscopy (V. Mornstein) 216 // 11.6.1 Light microscopy 217 // 11.6.1.1 Scheme of a compound light microscope and properties of its optical system 217 // 11.6.1.2 Different kinds of compound microscopes 219 // 11.6.1.3 Special optical microscopes 220 // 11.6.1.4 Optical scanning microscopes 221 // 11.6.2 Electron microscopy 223 // 11.6.2.1 Transmission electron microscopy 223 // 11.6.2.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 224 // 11.6.3 Acoustic microscopy 225 // 11.7 Bone densitometry (I. Hrazdira) 225 // 11.7.1 X-ray densitometry 225 // 11.7.2 Ultrasound densitometry 226 // 11.8 Detection and dosimetry of ionising radiation (V. Mornstein) 226 // 11.8.1 Chemical and photochemical detectors and dosimeters 226 // 11.8.2 Electrical (ionisation) methods 227 // 11.8.3 Scintillation counters 230 // 11.9 Monitoring and telemetry (V. Mornstein) 231 // 12 Imaging diagnostic methods (I. Hrazdira and V. Mornstein i 233 // 12.1 General principles of diagnostic imaging (I. Hrazdira 233 // 12.1.1 Algorithm of the imaging process 233 // 12.1.2 Assessment of image quality 233 // 12.2 Thermography (I. Hrazdira) 234 // 12.2.1 Contact thermography 234 //

12.2.2 The contactless thermography 235 // 12.2.3 Diagnostic importance of thermography 235 // 12.3 Ultrasound imaging and Doppler methods (I. Hrazdira) 236 // 12.3.1 Theoretical basis 236 // 12.3.2 The mechanism of ultrasound imaging 237 // 12.3.3 Doppler diagnostic methods 239 // 12.3.4 Ultrasound echo-contrast agents 241 // 12.3.5 Safety of ultrasound diagnostic procedures 242 // 12.3.6 Clinical value of ultrasonography 242 // 12.4 Endoscopic methods (I. Hrazdira) 243 // 12.4.1 Endoscopic mirrors 243 // 12.4.2 Endoscopes with rigid tubes 244 // 12.4.3 Fibre-optic endoscopes 244 // 12.5 X-ray imaging methods (V. Mornstein) 245 // 12.5.1 Principal scheme of an X-ray instrument 246 // 12.5.2 Origin of the X-ray image 247 // 12.5.2.1 Course of X-rays 247 // 12.5.2.2 Unsharpness of the image 248 // 12.5.2.3 Usage of contrast agents 249 // 12.5.3 The most important methods in X-ray diagnostics 249 // 12.5.3.1 Image intensifier 250 // 12.5.3.2 X-ray apparatuses used in dentistry 251 // 12.5.3.3 Xeroradiography 251 // 12.5.3.4 Classical (layer) tomography 251 // 12.5.4 Computed tomography (CT) 252 // 12.6 Radionuclide imaging and other diagnostic methods (V. Mornstein) 253 // 12.6.1 Tracing and radioimmunoassay 254 // 12.6.2 Scintillation counters and rectilinear scanners 254 // 12.6.3 Anger gamma-camera 255 // 12.6.4 SPECTand PET 255 // 12.7 Magnetic resonance imaging (V. Mornstein) 257 // 12.7.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance 257 // 12.7.2 The principle of image formation 259 // 12.7.3 Clinical value of MRI 261 // 13 Biophysical basis of non-invasive therapeutic methods (I. Hrazdira) 263 // 13.1 Therapy by means of mechanical energy 263 // 13.1.1 Ultrasound therapy 263 // 13.1.2 Lithotripsy by shock waves 263 // 13.1.3 Shock wave therapy 265 // 13.2 Electrotherapy 265 // 13.2.1 Applications of direct current (DC) 265 // 13.2.2 Applications of alternating current (AC) and electric impulses 266 //

13.3 Principles of magnetotherapy 268 // 13.3.1 Magnetic fields and their interaction with living systems 268 // 13.3.2 Main components of therapeutic effect of magnetic field 269 // 13.4 Methods of thermotherapy 269 // 13.4.1 Methods based on heat transfer 270 // 13.4.2 Methods based on heat production inside the body 271 // 13.5 Visible light as a therapeutic tool 272 // 13.5.1 Therapy with laser radiation 272 // 13.5.2 Therapy by polarised light 274 // 13.5.3 Photodynamic therapy 274 // 13.5.4 Therapeutic sources of ultraviolet radiation 275 // 13.6 Physical principles of radiotherapy 276 // 13.6.1 Basic phenomena 276 // 13.6.2. Sources of ionising radiation used in radiotherapy 276 // 13.6.3 Methods of radiotherapy 277 // 14 Biophysical basis of invasive therapeutic methods and equipment assisting or replacing organ functions (I. Hrazdira) 279 // 14.1 Physical principles of modern surgical instruments 279 // 14.1.1 Electrosurgery 279 // 14.1.2 Lasers in surgery instrumentation 279 // 14.1.3 Ultrasound surgery 280 // 14.1.4 Cryosurgery 281 // 14.1.5 Water jet as a surgical tool 281 // 14.2 Equipment assisting or replacing organ functions 281 // 14.2.1 Breathing assist devices 282 // 14.2.2 Heart assist devices and artificial heart 282 // 14.2.3 Haemodialyser - an artificial kidney 283 // 14.2.4 Limb prostheses 284 // 14.2.5 Infusion pumps 285 // 15 Notes on biophysical principles and instrumentation in dental medicine (I. Hrazdira) 287 // 15.1 Mechanical properties of teeth 287 // 15.2 Biocompatibility of materials used in dental medicine 287 // 15.2.1 General features of biocompatibility 287 // 15.2.2 Problems of biocompatibility in dental medicine 288 // 15.2.3 Basic characteristic of materials for dental prostheses 289 // 15.3 X-ray devices in dentistry 292 // 15.4 Measurement of electrical excitability of dental pulp 293 //

15.5 Physical principles of main tools used in dentistry 293 // 15.5.1 Rotary instruments 293 // 15.5.2 Lever tools 295 // 15.5.3 Ultrasound devices in dental medicine 296 // 15.6 Dental prostheses (dentures) 298 // 16 Healthcare informatics and overview of computer-literacy for medical students (A. Bourek) 300 // 16.1 Informatics as a science 300 // 16.2 The computer as a device for data sharing 302 // 16.3 Networks 303 // 16.4 Information technology (processes and tools) applied in health and healthcare 318 // 16.4.1 Health, healthcare, medical informatics and telemedicine 318 // 16.4.2 Searching for health and healthcare related evidence based documents using the World Wide Web (WWW) ...321

(OCoLC)796018923

cnb002359419