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BK

Cambridge : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975

ix, 697 stran : ilustrace, mapy ; 26 cm

ISBN 0-674-81621-8 (vázáno)

Terminologický slovník

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 599-663 a rejstřík

001471394

Contents Part I Social Evolution 2 // 1 The Morality of the Gene З // 2 Elementary Concepts of Sociobiology 7 The Multiplier Effect 11 // The Evolutionary Pacemaker and Social Drift 13 The Concept of Adaptive Demography 14 The Kinds and Degrees of Sociality 16 The Concept of Behavioral Scaling 19 The Dualities of Evolutionary Biology 21 Reasoning in Sociobiology 27 // 3 The Prime Movers of Social Evolution 32 // Phylogenetic Inertia 33 // Ecological Pressure 37 // The Reversibility of Social Evolution 62 // 4 The Relevant Principles of Population Biology // Microevolution 64 Heritability 68 // Polygenes and Linkage Disequilibrium 70 The Maintenance of Genetic Variation 70 Phenodeviants and Genetic Assimilation 72 Inbreeding and Kinship 73 Assortative and Disassortative Mating 80 Population Growth 80 Density Dependence 82 Intercompensation 89 Population Cycles of Mammals 90 Life Tables 90 // The Stable Age Distribution 92 // Reproductive Value 93 // Reproductive Effort 95 // The Evolution of Life Histories 96 // r and К Selection 99 // The Evolution of Gene Flow 103 // 5 Group Selection and Altruism 106 Group Selection 106 // Interdemic (Interpopulation) Selection 107 // Kin Selection 117 // Reciprocal Altruism 120 // Altruistic Behavior 121 // The Field of Righteousness 129 // Part II Social Mechanisms 130 // 6 Group Size, Reproduction, and Time-Energy Budgets 131 // The Determinants of Group Size 132 Adjustable Group Size 137 // The Multiplication and Reconstitution of Societies

138 Time-Energy Budgets 142 // 7 The Development and Modification of Social Behavior 144 // Tracking the Environment with Evolutionary Change 145 // The Hierarchy of Organismic Responses 151 // Tracking the Environment with Morphogenetic Change 152 // Nongenetic Transmission of Maternal Experience 152 // Hormones and Behavior 153 // Learning 156 // Socialization 159 // Play 164 // Tradition, Culture, and Invention 168 Tool Using 172 // 8 Communication: Basic Principles 176 Human versus Animal Communication 177 Discrete versus Graded Signals 178 // The Principle of Antithesis 179 // Signal Specificity 181 // Signal Economy 183 // The Increase of Information 185 // The Measurement of Communication 194 // The Pitfalls of Information Analysis 199 // Redundancy 200 //  9 Communication: Functions and Complex Systems 201 // The Functions of Communication 202 // The Higher Classification of Signal Function 216 // Complex Systems 218 // 10 Communication: Origins and Evolution 224 The Sensory Channels 231 // Evolutionary Competition among Sensory Channels 240 // 11 Aggression 242 Aggression and Competition 243 The Mechanisms of Competition 244 // The Limits of Aggression 247 // The Proximate Causes of Aggression 248 // Human Aggression 254 // 12 Social Spacing, Including Territory 256 Individual Distance 257 // A "Typical” Territorial Species 259 The History of the Territory Concept 260 The Multiple Forms of Territory 261 The Theory of Territorial Evolution 266 Special Properties of

Territory 270 Territories and Population Regulation 274 Interspecific Territoriality 276 // 13 Dominance Systems 279 History of the Dominance Concept 281 Examples of Dominance Orders 282 Special Properties of Dominance Orders 286 The Advantages of Being Dominant 287 The Compensations of Being Subordinate 290 The Determinants of Dominance 291 Intergroup Dominance 295 // Interspecific Dominance 296 Scaling in Aggressive Behavior 296 // 14 Roles and Castes 298 // The Adaptive Significance of Roles 299 The Optimization of Caste Systems 300 Roles in Vertebrate Societies 309 Roles in Human Societies 312 // 15 Sex and Society 314 The Meaning of Sex 315 Evolution of the Sex Ratio 316 Sexual Selection 318 // The Theory of Parental Investment 324 // The Origins of Polygamy 327 // The Origins of Monogamy and Pair Bonding 330 // Communal Displays 331 // Other Ultimate Causes of Sexual Dimorphism 334 // 16 Parental Care 336 // The Ecology of Parental Care 336 Parent-Offspring Conflict 341 // Parental Care and Social Evolution in the Insects 344 Parental Care and Social Evolution in the Primates 346 Other Animal Ontogenies 348 // Alloparental Care 349 Adoption 352 // 17 Social Symbioses 353 Social Commensalism 354 Social Mutualism 356 Parabiosis 358 // Mixed Species Groups in Vertebrates 358 Trophic Parasitism 361 Xenobiosis 362 // Temporary Social Parasitism in Insects 362 Brood Parasitism in Birds 364 Slavery in Ants 368 Inquilinism in Ants 371 // The General Occurrence of Social Parasitism

in Insects 373 Breaking the Code 375 // Part III The Social Species 378 // 18 The Four Pinnacles of Social Evolution 379 // 19 The Colonial Microorganisms and Invertebrates 383 // The Adaptive Basis of Coloniality 386 General Evolutionary Trends in Coloniality 387 Slime Molds and Colonial Bacteria 387 The Coclentcrates 393 The Ectoprocts 394 // 20 The Social Insects 397 What Is a Social Insect? 398 // The Organization of Insect Societies 399 // The Prime Movers of Higher Social Evolution in Insects 415 // The Social Wasps 418 // The Ants 421 // The Social Bees 428 // The Termites 433 // 21 The Cold-Blooded Vertebrates 438 // Fish Schools 438 // The Social Behavior of Frogs 442 // The Social Behavior of Reptiles 444 // 22 The Birds 448 // The Crotophaginae 450 The Jays 451 // 23 Evolutionary Trends within the Mammals 436 General Patterns 468 // The Whiptail Wallaby (Macropus parryi) 469 // The Black-tail Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) 472 // Dolphins 473 // 24 The Ungulates and Elephants 479 The Ecological Basis of Social Evolution 484 Chevrotains (Tragulidae) 486 // The Vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) 486 // The Blue Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) 490 // The African Elephant (Loxodonta africana) 491 // 25 The Carnivores 499 // The Black Bear (Ursus americanus) 502 The Coati (Nasua narica) 502 The Lion (Panthern leo) 504 Wolves and Dogs (Canidae) 504 // 26 The Nonhuman Primates 514 // The Distinctive Social Traits of Primates 514 // The Ecology of Social Behavior in Primates 518

// The Lesser Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus) 526 // The Orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) 526 // The Dusky Titi (Callicebus moloch) 527 // The White-Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) 528 // The Mantled Howler (Alouatta villosa) 529 // The Ring-Tailed Lemur (Lemur catta) 530 // The Hamadryas Baboon (Papio hamadryas) 531 // The Eastern Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) 535 // The Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) 539 // 27 Man: From Sociobiology to Sociology 547 Plasticity of Social Organization 548 // Barter and Reciprocal Altruism 551 Bonding,.Sex, and Division of Labor 553 Role Playing and Polyethism 554 Communication 555 Culture, Ritual, and Religion 559 Ethics 562 Esthetics 564 // Territoriality and Tribalism 564 Early Social Evolution 565 Later Social Evolution 569 The Future 574 // Glossary 577 Bibliography 599 Index 665