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BK

Fifth edition

New York ; London : W. W. Norton & Company, [2019]

xxxii, 734 stran, 97 stran v různém stránkování : ilustrace (převážně barevné) ; 28 cm

ISBN 978-0-393-68039-3 (brožováno)

ISBN 978-0-393-68036-2 (vázáno)

"International student edition"--Obálka (u brožované publikace)

Terminologický slovník

Obsahuje rejstřík

001473022

LIST OF CHAPTERS and // special features // CHAPTER 1 PANEL 1-1 TABLE 1-1 PANEL 1-2 Cells: The Fundamental Units of Life 1 Microscopy 12 Historical Landmarks in Determining Cell Structure 24 Cell Architecture 25 // How We Know: Life’s Common Mechanisms 30 // TABLE 1-2 Some Model Organisms and Their Genomes 35 // CHAPTER 2 Chemical Components of Cells 39 TABLE 2-1 Length and Strength of Some Chemical Bonds 48 TABLE 2-2 The Chemical Composition of a Bacterial Cell 52 How We Know: The Discovery of Macromolecules 60 PANEL 2-1 Chemical Bonds and Groups 66 // PANEL 2-2 PANEL 2-3 PANEL 2-4 PANEL 2-5 PANEL 2-6 PANEL 2-7 The Chemical Properties of Water 68 The Principal Types of Weak Noncovalent Bonds 70 An Outline of Some of the Types of Sugars 72 Fatty Acids and Other Lipids 74 The 20 Amino Acids Found in Proteins 76 A Survey of the Nucleotides 78 // CHAPTER 3 Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis 81 // PANEL 3-1 TABLE 3-1 Free Energy and Biological Reactions 94 Relationship Between the Standard Free-Energy Change, AG°, and the Equilibrium Constant 96 // How We Know: "High-Energy" Phosphate Bonds Power Cell Processes 102 // TABLE 3-2 Some Activated Carriers Widely Used in Metabolism 109 // CHAPTER 4 PANEL 4-1 PANEL 4-2 Protein Structure and Function 117 A Few Examples of Some General Protein Functions 118 Making and Using Antibodies 140 // TABLE 4-1 Some Common Functional Classes of Enzymes 142 // How We Know: Measuring Enzyme Performance 144 // TABLE 4-2 Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding

of Proteins 160 // PANEL 4-3 PANEL 4-4 PANEL 4-5 PANEL 4-6 Cell Breakage and Initial Fractionation of Cell Extracts 164 Protein Separation by Chromatography 166 Protein Separation by Electrophoresis 167 Protein Structure Determination 168 // Chapter 5 DMA and Chromosomes 173 // How We Know: Genes Are Made of DNA 193 // xii // List of Chapters and Special Features // CHAPTER 6 DNA Replication and Repair 199 // How We Know: The Nature of Replication 202 table 6-1 Proteins Involved in DNA Replication 213 TABLE 6-2 Error Rates 218 // CHAPTER 7 From DNA to Protein: How Cells Read the Genome 227 // TABLE 7-1 Types of RNA Produced in Cells 232 // TABLE 7-2 The Three RNA Polymerases in Eukaryotic Cells 235 // How We Know: Cracking the Genetic Code 246 // TABLE 7-3 Antibiotics That Inhibit Bacterial Protein or RNA Synthesis 256 table 7-4 Biochemical Reactions That Can Be Catalyzed by Ribozymes 261 // CHAPTER 8 Control of Gene Expression 267 // How We Know: Gene Regulation—The Story of Eve 280 // CHAPTER 9 How Genes and Genomes Evolve 297 table 9-1 Viruses That Cause Human Disease 318 TABLE 9-2 Some Vital Statistics for the Human Genome 322 How We Know: Counting Genes 324 // CHAPTER 10 Analyzing the Structure and Function of Genes 333 // How We Know: Sequencing the Human Genome 348 // CHAPTER n Membrane Structure 365 // TABLE 11-1 Some Examples of Plasma Membrane Proteins and Their Functions 375 How We Know: Measuring Membrane Flow 384 // chapter 12 Transport Across Cell Membranes 389

// TABLE 12-1 A Comparison of Ion Concentrations Inside and Outside a Typical Mammalian Cell TABLE 12-2 Some Examples of Transmembrane Pumps 403 How We Know: Squid Reveal Secrets of Membrane Excitability 412 TABLE 12-3 Some Examples of Ion Channels 419 // CHAPTER 13 How Cells Obtain Energy from Food 427 TABLE 13-1 Some Types of Enzymes Involved in Glycolysis 431 PANEL 13-1 Details of the 10 Steps of Glycolysis 436 PANEL 13-2 The Complete Citric Acid Cycle 442 How We Know: Unraveling the Citric Acid Cycle 444 // chapter 14 Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 455 table 14-1 Product Yields from Glucose Oxidation 469 panel 14-1 Redox Potentials 472 // How We Know: How Chemiosmotic Coupling Drives ATP Synthesis 476 // chapter 15 Intracellular Compartments and Protein Transport 495 table 15-1 The Main Functions of Membrane-enclosed Organelles of a Eukaryotic Cell 497 TABLE 15-2 The Relative Volumes and Numbers of the Major Membrane-enclosed Organelles in a Liver Cell (Hepatocyte) 498 // List of Chapters and Special Features // xiii // TABLE 15-3 Some Typical Signal Sequences 502 table 15-4 Some Types of Coated Vesicles 513 How We Know: Tracking Protein and Vesicle Transport 520 // CHAPTER 16 Cell Signaling 533 // table 16-1 Some Examples of Signal Molecules 536 // table 16-2 Some Foreign Substances That Act on Cell-Surface Receptors 544 TABLE 16-3 Some Cell Responses Mediated by Cyclic AMP 550 TABLE 16-4 Some Cell Responses Mediated by Phospholipase C Activation 552 How

We Know: Untangling Cell Signaling Pathways 563 // CHAPTER 17 Cytoskeleton 573 // TABLE 17-1 Drugs That Affect Microtubules 584 // How We Know: Pursuing Microtubule-associated Motor Proteins 588 // TABLE 17-2 Drugs That Affect Filaments 594 // CHAPTER 18 The Cell-Division Cycle 609 // TABLE 18-1 Some Eukaryotic Cell-Cycle Durations 611 // How We Know: Discovery of Cyclins and Cdks 615 // TABLE 18-2 The Major Cyclins and Cdks of Vertebrates 617 // PANEL 18-1 The Principal Stages of M Phase in an Animal Cell 628 // chapter 19 Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 651 // PANEL 19-1 Some Essentials of Classical Genetics 675 // How We Know: Using SNPs to Get a Handle on Human Disease 684 // chapter 20 Cell Communities: Tissues, Stem Cells, and Cancer 691 TABLE 20-1 A Variety of Factors Can Contribute to Genetic Instability 721 TABLE 20-2 Examples of Cancer-critical Genes 728 How We Know: Making Sense o’ the Genes That Are Critical for Cancer 730