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EB

EB

ONLINE

Singapore : Springer, 2017

1 online zdroj

ISBN 978-981-10-4669-8 (e-kniha)

ISBN 978-981-10-4668-1 (print)

China Insights, ISSN 2363-7579

Introduction -- Take Realizing Social Insurance as a Guiding Aim: 1921-1949 -- Employment and Social Security under the Planned Economy: 1949-1978 -- From “Enterprise Insurance” to Social Insurance -- Socialist Market Economy and Preliminary Establishment of the Social Security System: Development in 1990s -- Towards Social Equity – Reform in 21st Century -- Great Social Transformation -- References -- Index.

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1 Take Realizing Social Insurance as a Guiding Aim: 1921-1949 1 // 2 Employment and Social Security Under the Planned Economy: 1949-1978 5 // 2.1 Origin of the Employment Security 5 // 2.1.1 The Original Ruling Purpose to Protect Laborers and First Systematic Experiments 5 // 2.1.2 Industrialization and Modernization as National Missions 11 // 2.2 The Labor Insurance Adapted to “Industry First” Strategy (1950-1955) 15 // 2.2.1 Three Different Urban Insurance Systems 15 // 2.2.2 Dual Security System Between Urban and Rural Areas 18 // 2.3 Labor Insurance System in Embryo (1955-1966) 20 // 2.3.1 Changing System of Labor Insurance: Fast Expansion and Unified Standards 21 // 2.3.2 Gaps and Differences in Standards 22 // 2.3.3 Reform in Labor System and Adjustment in Labor Insurance System 26 // 2.4 The “Cultural Revolution” and the Labor Insurance “Borne by Institutions” 35 // 2.5 Establishment of Labor Insurance 37 // 3 From “Enterprise Insurance” to Social Insurance 39 // 3.1 China in 1908s: Transformation of Employment Patterns 40 // 3.1.1 Rely on Enterprises to Solve Employment Problems Left Over from the “Cultural Revolution” 40 // 3.1.2 Enterprises’ Overloaded or Underloaded Pension Burden Forced the Pension System to Be Reformed 42 // 3.1.3 “Market-Driven Employment” Is the Breakthrough for Establishing Social Security System 45 // 3.2 Reform, Opening up, and Transformation of Social Security Ideas 52 // 3.2.1 Traditional Ideas and Theories of Social Security 53 // 3.2.2 Learn from Foreign Experience and Transform Social Security Ideas 58 // 3.3 Experiments of Social Security Reform 65 // 3.3.1 Pilot Reform in Collective Enterprises 66 // 3.3.2 Pension Pooling and Individual Payment in State-Owned Enterprises 71 // 3.3.3 From the “Employment Security” to the “Laid-off Insurance”: Deeping Marketization of the Employment 81 //

3.4 Transformation Period of the Social Security 89 // 4 Socialist Market Economy and Preliminary Establishment of the Social Security System: Development in 1990s 93 // 4.1 “Document No. 33”—Foundation for the Endowment Insurance Reform 93 // 4.2 Market-Based Transformation of Employment—From the “Laid-off Insurance” to the Unemployment Insurance 95 // 4.2.1 Reform in State-Owned Enterprise and the Emergence of Social Risks 95 // 4.2.2 Establishment of the Social Security System that Synchronizes with Labor Force Marketization 98 // 4.3 Establish a Pension Insurance System that Combines Social Pooling with Individual Accounts 110 // 4.3.1 Discussions on Pension Insurance System 110 // 4.3.2 Establish a System that Combines Social Pooling with Individual Accounts 112 // 4.3.3 Socialized Distribution of the Old-Age Pension and Improved Pooling Level 119 // 4.4 Launch Medical Insurance System Reform—From “Labor Insurance” to “Social Insurance” 126 // 4.4.1 The Difficulties of Publicly Funded Health Care Services and Labor Medicare System 126 // 4.4.2 Initiating Pilots of Medical Insurance Reform 129 // 4.4.3 Document No. 44—Milestone of Medical Insurance System Reform 140 // 4.5 Employment Injury Insurance and Establishment of Urban and Rural Subsistence Allowance Systems 141 // 4.5.1 Reform of Employment Injury Insurance 142 // 4.5.2 Establishment of Urban and Rural Subsistence Allowance Systems 149 // 4.6 Socialized System Building 151 // 5 Toward Social Equity—Reform in Twenty-first Century 153 // 5.1 Farmers and Social Security 154 // 5.1.1 Transformation of Peasant Society and First Attempts to Reform Pension Security System in Rural Areas 154 // 5.1.2 The Social Security for “Migrant Workers” 159 // 5.1.3 The New Rural Old-Age Insurance 164 // 5.1.4 The New Rural Cooperative Medical System (“NCMS”) 167 //

5.1.5 The Integrated Subsistence Allowance Systems for Both Urban and Rural Areas 172 // 5.1.6 Toward Equity and Integration 176 // 5.2 Legal Construction of China’s Social Security System 179 // 5.2.1 Difficult Start 180 // 5.2.2 Hot Discussions 184 // 5.2.3 Promulgation 190 // 5.3 Two Breakthroughs of China’s Social Security System 193 // 6 Great Social Transformation 195 // References 199 // Index 205