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ONLINE

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Cham : Springer International Publishing : Imprint: Springer, 2017

1 online zdroj

ISBN 978-3-319-26932-0 (e-kniha)

ISBN 978-3-319-26930-6 (print)

Springer Handbooks

History of Odor and Odorants -- Molecular Aspects and Formation Pathways -- Food and Flavors -- Analytics, Sensor Technology and Human-Sensory Evaluation -- Odorant Sensing and Physiological Effects -- Psycho-Physical and Cognitive Aspects of Odor Perception -- Human Body Odor, Chemo-Communication and Behavioral Implications -- Odors in Language, Culture and Design.

The Springer Handbook of Odor is the definitive guide to all aspects related to the study of smell and their impact on human life. For the first time, this handbook aligns the senso-chemo-analytical characterization of everyday smells encountered by mankind, with the elucidation of perceptual, hedonic, behavioral and physiological responses of humans to such odors. From birth onwards we learn to interact with our environment using our sense of smell. Moreover, evolutionary processes have engendered a multi-faceted communication that is supported – even dominated – by olfaction.  This compilation examines the responses of humans to odors at different stages of life, thereby building a foundation for a widely overseen area of research with broader ramifications for human life. The expert international authors and editor align aspects, concepts, methodologies and perspectives from a broad range of different disciplines related to the science of smell. These include chemistry, physiology, psychology, material sciences, technology but also disciplines related to linguistics, culture, art and design. This handbook, edited by an internationally renowned aroma scientist with the support of an outstanding team of over 60 authors, is an authoritative reference for researchers in the field of odors both in academia and in industry and is also a useful reference for newcomers to the area..

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List of Abbreviations XXXIII // 1 History of Odor and Odorants // Wilhelm Pickenhagen 1 // 1.1 Defining Odor and Odorants 1 // 1.2 The Chemical Senses 1 // 1.3 History of Use of Odorants 2 // References g // Part A Molecular Aspects and Formation Pathways // 2 Biosynthesis of Plant-Derived Odorants // Matthias Wüst 13 // 2.1 Biosynthesis of Plant-Derived Odorants 13 // 2.2 Constitutive Biosynthetic Pathways 16 // 2.3 Stress-Induced Biosynthesis of Plant Volatiles 33 // 2.4 Outlook 33 // References 33 // 3 Natural Fragrant Raw Materials // Nicolas Baldovini, Jean-Jacques Filippi 39 // 3.1 Identification of Odor Active Constituents in Natural Raw Materials 40 // 3.2 Odor-Active Constituents of Selected Natural Raw Materials 44 // 3.3 Conclusion 57 // References 57 // 4 Incense Materials // Johannes Niebler 63 // 4.1 Selected Incense Materials 65 // 4.2 Incense Preparations 79 // 4.3 Benefits and Hazards of Incense Use 81 // 4.4 Conclusion and Outlook 83 // References 33 // 5 Mechanistic Pathways of Non-Enzymatic Flavor Formation // Marcus A. Glomb 87 // 5.1 Maillard Reaction - General Considerations 87 // 5.2 a-Dicarbonyl Compounds 89 // 5.3 Strecker Degradation 93 // 5.4 Other Mechanisms 99 // 5.5 Conclusions 102 // References 103 // Part B Food and Flavors // 6 Coffee // Chahan Yeretzion 107 // 6.1 Coffee Aroma - From the Seed to the Cup 107 // 6.2 The Sensory Experience of Coffee 108 // 6.3 Coffee Aroma Compounds 110 // 6.4 Analytical Techniques for Coffee Aroma Analysis 115 // 6.5 Trends and New Developments in Coffee Aroma Analysis 116 // 6.6 What Next? 122 // References 122 // 7 Beer // Michael Dresel 129 // 7.1 Raw Materials 130 // 7.2 Flavor Evolution of Hoppy Aroma 132 // 7.3 Special Flavors 135 // 7.4 Influence on the Sensory Sensation due to Other Constituents 139 // 7.5 Outlook 139 // References 139 // 8 Wine // Philippe Darriet, Alexandre Pons 143 //

8.1 Composition of the Wine Matrix 144 // 8.2 Perceptual Interaction Phenomena 160 // References 162 // 9 Fruits // Anne Plotto, Jinhe Bai, Elisabeth Baldwin 171 // 9.1 Fruit Volatiles 171 // 9.2 Impact of Volatiles on Fruit Flavor 175 // 9.3 Flavor of Specific Fruits 177 // 9.4 Conclusion 183 // References 183 // 10 Meat // Jane K. Parker 191 // 10.1 Introduction to Meat Flavor 191 // 10.2 Characterization of Meat Aroma 192 // 10.3 Mechanisms of Aroma Generation 201 // 10.4 Factors Affecting Meat Flavor 210 // References 215 // 11 Fats and Oils // Eric Frérot 223 // 11.1 Analytical Techniques Used to Study Aroma Compounds / in Fats and Oils 224 // 11.2 The Different Chemical Classes of Aroma Compounds Found in Fats and Oils, and How They Are Formed 230 // 11.3 The Aroma of Fats and Oils 238 // 11.4 Conclusion 256 // References 256 // 12 Aroma Encapsulation and Controlled Delivery // Gary Reineccius 261 // 12.1 Diversity in Aroma Compounds 262 // 12.2 Chemical Reactions that Lead to Flavor Loss 262 // 12.3 Evaporation as a Mechanism of Flavor Loss 264 // 12.4 Techniques for Preserving Flavor 264 // 12.5 Controlled Delivery of Food Aroma 267 // 12.6 Unmet Needs 269 // 12.7 Conclusions 270 // References 270 // 13 Physico-Chemical Interactions in the Flavor-Release Process // Anne-Marie Seuvre, And ree Voi Hey 273 // 13.1 Nature of the Interactions Aroma Compounds-Matrices 274 // 13.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Aroma Compounds 277 // 13.3 Composition and Properties of the Matrices 280 // 13.4 Methods to Study Interactions and Their Role on Transfers 288 // 13.5 Flavor Release or Retention 292 // 13.6 Preservation of Food Quality and Perspectives 294 // References 295 // 14 Models of the Oral Cavity for the Investigation of Olfaction // Christian Salles, Ofir Benjamin 303 // 14.1 Oral Food Processing and the Effect on Olfaction 303 //

14.2 Simulation of Oral Processing 306 // 14.3 Conclusions 315 // References 316 // 15 Regulatory Oversight and Safety Assessment of Flavorings // Karl-Heinz Engel 319 // 15.1 Regulatory Framework 319 // 15.2 Safety Assessment Procedures 322 // 15.3 Flavorings Other than Flavoring Substances 326 // 15.4 Outlook 326 // References 326 // 16 Odors in Paper and Cardboard Packaging // Michael Czerny 329 // 16.1 Paper 329 // 16.2 Legal Basics: Food Legislation 331 // 16.3 Analytical Methods 332 // 16.4 Off-Odorants in Paper and Cardboard Packaging 337 // 16.5 Summary 339 // References 339 // Part C Analytics, Sensor Technology // and Human-Sensory Evaluation // 17 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Odorant Analysis // Sung-Tong Chin, Graham T. Eyres, Philip J. Marriott 343 // 17.1 Rationale for Multidimensional GC 344 // 17.2 Offline MDGC-0 344 // 17.3 Online MDGC-0 346 // 17.4 Novel Approaches in Olfactometry 347 // 17.5 GC x GC Approaches for Global Volatile Screening 348 // 17.6 Integrated MDGC-0 Arrangement 349 // 17.7 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives 350 // 17.8 Concluding Remarks 350 // References 350 // 18 Odorant Detection by On-line Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry // Jonathan Beauchamp, Erika Zardin 355 // 18.1 Techniques 356 // 18.2 Applications 369 // 18.3 Conclusion and Outlook 391 // References 393 // 19 Enantioselective Gas Chromatography with Cyclodextrin in Odorant Analysis // Cecilia Caglierň, Barbara Sgorbiai, Chiara Cordero, Erica Liberto, // Patrizia Rubiolo, Carlo Biechi 409 // 19.1 Chiral Recognition and Enantioselective Gas-Chromatography (Es-GC) 411 // 19.2 Measurement of the Enantiomeric Distribution 417 // 19.3 Enantioselective GC Analysis with Cydodextrins in the Flavor and Fragrance Field 418 // 19.4 Testing Column Efficiency and Enantioselectivity 418 // 19.5 Analysis of Enantiomers in Complex Samples 420 //

19.6 Fast Enantioselective GC Analysis 424 // 19.7 Total Analysis Systems and Real-World Sample Analysis 432 // 19.8 Conclusions 433 // References 433 // 20 Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for Authenticity Control // Norbert Christoph, Antje Schellenberg, Miebke Zander, Gerhard Krammer. 439 // 20.1 Fundamentals 440 // 20.2 Methods for the Determination of Isotope Ratios 444 // 20.3 Selected Applications of Authentication of Odorants 446 // 20.4 Requirements and Guidelines for Authentication 452 // 20.5 Conclusion 454 // References 454 // 21 Machine Olfaction // Brian Guthrie 459 // 21.1 Chemical Senses 460 // 21.2 Sensor Types 463 // 21.3 Biomimetic Data Analytic Approaches 473 // 21.4 Machine Olfaction Applications 474 // 21.5 Conclusions 482 // References 482 // 22 High-Throughput Receptor Screening Assay // Alex Jeithen, Magali Philippea ?, Pierre Chatelain 505 // 22.1 Working with ORs 505 // 22.2 How to Identify Ligands with in vitro Functional Assays 507 // 22.3 Applications 514 // 22.4 Other Chemosensory Receptors 519 // 22.5 Concluding Remarks 521 // References 522 // 23 Psychophysical Testing of Human Olfactory Function // Richard L. Doty 527 // 23.1 Stimulus Presentation Procedures 527 // 23.2 Measurement of Basal Olfactory Sensitivity 528 // 23.3 Measurement of Suprathreshold Odor Perception 531 // 23.4 Issues in Olfactory Psychophysical Measurement 537 // 23.5 Concluding Remarks 539 // References 539 // 24 Olfactometers According to EN 13725 // Dietmar Mannebeck 545 // 24.1 General Characteristics 546 // 24.2 Evaluation and Presentation of Measurement Results 551 // References 551 // 25 Assessment of Environmental Odor Impacts // Bettina Mannebeck, Heike Hauschildt 553 // 25.1 Odor Measurement at the Source 554 // 25.2 Measurement of Odor Impact by Field Measurement 557 // 25.3 Examples of the Evaluation of Odor and Emissions in Ambient Air. 560 //

25.4 Conclusion 561 // References 561 // 26 Material Odor Emissions and Indoor Air Quality // Andrea Burdack-Freitag, Anja Heinlein, Florian Mayer 563 // 26.1 Effects on Indoor Air Quality 564 // 26.2 Odor Evaluation Methods 564 // 26.3 Indoor Odorants - Selected Sources 569 // 26.4 Odor Avoidance and Reduction Measures 575 // 26.5 Health Aspects and Sensory Irritations 576 // References 577 // Part D Odorant Sensing and Physiological Effects // 27 Odorant Sensing // Heinz Breer, Jörg Fleischer, Jörg Strotmonn 585 // 27.1 Structure of the Olfactory System 585 // 27.2 Olfactory Sensory Neurons 586 // 27.3 Recognition of Odorants 588 // 27.4 Expression of Odorant Receptor Genes 592 // 27.5 Odorant Receptor-Specific Wiring of Olfactory Sensory Neurons 595 // References 598 // 28 Nasal Periceptor Processes // Boris Schilling 605 // 28.1 Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in the Olfactory Epithelium 608 // 28.2 Cytochrome P450 Enzymes 609 // 28.3 Exploring the Substrate and Inhibitor Range // of Olfactory P450 Enzymes 609 // 28.4 Evidence for the Role of Biotransformation Enzymes // in Olfaction from Animal Studies 611 // 28.5 Human Sensory Studies 612 // 28.6 Discussion 613 // References 614 // 29 Metabolism of Odorants in Humans // Michael Rýchlik 617 // 29.1 General Principles of Metabolism and Absorption 618 // 29.2 Metabolism of Important Classes of Odorants 619 // 29.3 Conclusions and Outlook for Further Research 626 // References 627 // 30 Olfactory Subsystems // MarcSpehr 631 // 30.1 The Subsystem Organization of the Sense of Smell 631 // 30.2 The Vomeronasal System 633 // 30.3 The Septal Organ 638 // 30.4 The Grüneberg Ganglion 639 // 30.5 Noncanonical Olfactory Signaling Pathways in the Main Olfactory Epithelium 639 // 30.6 Olfactory Subsystems in Humans? 641 // 30.7 Glossary 642 // References 644 //

31 Disrupted Odor Perception // Thomas Hummel, Basile N. Landis, Philippe Rombaux 653 // 31.1 Epidemiology of Olfactory Loss 653 // 31.2 Definitions of Olfactory Dysfunction 654 // 31.3 Otorhinolaryngological Examination 654 // 31.4 Questionnaires 657 // 31.5 Psychophysical Methods of Olfactory Testing 657 // 31.6 Electrophysiological/lmaging Techniques 658 // 31.7 Causes and Symptoms of Smell Disorders 659 // 31.8 Symptoms/Quality of Life 661 // 31.9 Spontaneous Recovery of Smell Disorders 661 // 31.10 Treatment of Olfactory Disorders 662 // 31.11 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 663 // References 664 // 32 Human and Animal Olfactory Capabilities Compared // Matthias Laska 675 // 32.1 Olfactory Sensitivity 678 // 32.2 Olfactory Discrimination Ability 681 // 32.3 Qualitative Comparisons of Olfactory Capabilities Between Species. 684 // Contents // 32.4 General Conclusions 685 // References 686 // 33 Ectopic Expression of Mammalian Olfactory Receptors // Sophie Veitinger, Hanns Hatt 691 // 33.1 Discovery of Ectopically Expressed Olfactory Receptors 691 // 33.2 Functionality of Ectopically Expressed ORs 692 // 33.3 Olfactory Receptors as Cell-Cell Recognition Molecules 693 // 33.4 Olfactory Receptors in Migration and Pathfinding Processes 693 // 33.5 Diagnostical and Therapeutical Potential of Olfactory Receptors 693 // 33.6 Endogenous Ligands for Ectopically Expressed Olfactory Receptors. 701 // 33.7 Signaling Pathways of Olfactory Receptors in Non-Olfactory Tissues 701 // 33.8 Is it Really 5ctop/c Expression? 703 // 33.9 Challenges and Future Prospects of Ectopic OR Research 703 // References 704 // 34 Spices and Odorants as TRP Channel Activators // Kristina Fried land, Christian Harteneck 711 // 34.1 TRP Channels - Olfaction, Chemesthesis and Taste 711 // 34.2 Secondary Plant Compounds Activating TRP Channels 714 // 34.3 Health Benefits of Spices 715 //

34.4 Negative Effects of TRP Channel Activators 717 // 34.5 Conclusion 717 // References 718 // 35 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Odor Compounds // Jessica Walker, Veronika Somoza 723 // 35.1 Relevance of Identifying Anti-Inflammatory // Active Odor Compounds 723 // 35.2 Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Inflammatory Activity 725 // 35.3 Assessing the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Odor Compounds 727 // 35.4 Identification of Anti-Inflammatory Odorants 728 // 35.5 Risk Assessment 729 // 35.6 Summary and Outlook 730 // References 730 // 36 Skin Sensitization of Odorant Materials // Andreas Natsch, Graham Ellis 735 // 36.1 Molecular Mechanism Behind Skin Sensitization 736 // 36.2 Structural Classes of Sensitizing Molecules // with Special Emphasis on Odorants 737 // 36.3 Testing for Skin Sensitization 740 // 36.4 Epidemiology of Allergy to Odorants 743 // References 745 // 37 Aroma Therapy in Neonatology // Michael Thiel 749 // 37.1 Data on Aroma Therapy in Neonatology 750 // 37.2 Possible Explanations 752 // 37.3 Neonatology-Related Research and Aroma Therapy 753 // References 753 // Part E Psycho-Physical and Cognitive Aspects of Odor Perception // 38 Cortical Olfactory Processing // Jessica Freiherr 759 // 38.1 Sniffing of Odors 759 // 38.2 Olfactory Epithelium 760 // 38.3 Olfactory Bulb 761 // 38.4 Central Olfactory Pathways and Networks 761 // 38.5 Conclusion 764 // References 764 // 39 Behavioral and Neural Determinants of Odor Valence Perception // Janina Seubert, Christina Regenbogen, Ute Habel, Johan N. Lundström 769 // 39.1 Odor Valence and Behavior 770 // 39.2 Determinants of Odor Valence 773 // 39.3 Valence Coding in the Human Brain 777 // 39.4 Conclusion 780 // References 781 // 40 Odor and Emotion // Sylvain Delplanque, Geraldine Coppin, David Sander 787 // 40.1 Emotion as a Multicomponential Phenomenon 788 // 40.2 Basic Emotions 788 //

40.3 Dimensional Approaches 789 // 40.4 Beyond Valence: The Case of Feelings 790 // 40.5 From Traditional Models to Appraisals 792 // 40.6 Functions of Emotions in Olfaction 793 // 40.7 Conclusion 794 // References 794 // 41 Aversive Olfactory Conditioning // Valentina Parma, Donald Wilson, Johan N. Lundström 799 // 41.1 The Anatomy of Neural Circuits Involved in Mammalian // Aversive Olfactory Conditioning 801 // 41.2 Aversive Olfactory Conditioning-Induced // Structural and Functional Plasticity 803 // 41.3 Clinical Applicability 809 // 41.4 Conclusions 811 // References 812 // 42 Odor-Based Context Dependent Memory // Maria Larsson, Artin Arshamian, Cornell Kä???II 821 // 42.1 Odor-Based Context-Dependent Memory 821 // 42.2 Autobiographical Odor Memory 823 // References 825 // 43 Infants and Children Making Sense of Scents // Benoist School 827 // 43.1 Nasal Chemosensation in the Fetus 828 // 43.2 Newborn Infants 830 // 43.3 From Preverbal Infants to Prepubertal Children 835 // 43.4 Conclusions and Prospects 841 // References 842 // 44 Olfaction and Eating Behavior // Sanne Boesveldt 849 // 44.1 Metabolic Influences on Odor Perception 850 // 44.2 Anticipation Effects of Odor Exposure 851 // 44.3 Consumption 852 // 44.4 Effect of Retronasal Odors on Eating Behavior 853 // 44.5 Methodological Considerations 855 // 44.6 Conclusion 856 // References 856 // 45 Olfaction and Sleep // Ofer Perl, Anat Arzi, Hana S. Hairston, Noam Sobe! 861 // 45.1 Sleep: Architecture and Measurement 861 // 45.2 Sleep Mechanisms 864 // 45.3 Olfactory Stimulation, Unlike Most Forms of Sensory Stimulation, Is not Sleep-Perturbing 866 // 45.4 Odors May Act as Sleep-Promoters: From Aromatherapy to Neuroscience 867 // 45.5 Processing of Olfactory Information in Sleep 868 // 45.6 The Olfactory System and the Wake-Sleep Regulation System are Highly Connected 870 //

45.7 Olfaction in the Study of Sleep Mentation 870 // 45.8 Olfaction and Sleep Disorders 873 // 45.9 Final Words 874 // References Qlk // 46 The Intranasal Trigeminal System // Johannes Frasnelli, Simona Manesca 881 // 46.1 General Neuroanatomy of the Trigeminal System 882 // 46.2 Chemosensory Trigeminal Neuroanatomy 883 // 46.3 Trigeminal Perception 883 // 46.4 Assessment of the Trigeminal System 885 // 46.5 Interactions Between Olfaction and Trigeminal System 888 // 46.6 Clinical Aspects of the Trigeminal System 890 // References ggi // 47 Cross-Modal Integration in Olfactory Perception // Han-Seok Seo, Thomas Hummel 897 // 47.1 Orthonasal and Retronasal Olfaction 898 // 47.2 Cross-Modal Correspondences Between Olfactory // and Other Sensory Cues 901 // 47.3 Influences of Visual Cues on Olfactory Perception 903 // 47.4 Influences of Gustatory Cues on Olfactory Perception 906 // 47.5 Influences of Auditory Cues on Olfactory Perception 908 // 47.6 Influences of Trigeminal Cues on Olfactory Perception 909 // 47.7 Influences of Tactile Cues on Olfactory Perception 910 // 47.8 Conclusion 911 // References 912 // Part F Human Body Odor, Chemo-Communication and Behavioral Implications // 48 Analysis and Chemistry of Human Odors // Christian Starkenmann 921 // 48.1 Human Sweat 921 // 48.2 Volatile Organic Compounds of Human Urine 927 // 48.3 Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Feces and Pit Latrines.. 930 // 48.4 Conclusions 933 // References 933 // 49 Biochemistry and Genetics of Human Axilla Odor // Andreas Natsch 937 // 49.1 Importance of Bacteria in Odor Formation 937 // 49.2 Specific Odor-Forming Bacterial Populations Colonizing the Axilla . 938 // 49.3 Specific Odorant Precursors Secreted in the Human Axilla 938 // 49.4 Malodor Releasing Enzymes in Axilla Bacteria // and Corresponding Genes 940 // 49.5 Fingerprints of Released Odors in Human Individuals 942 //

49.6 Effect of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) on Precursor Release? 943 // 49.7 Ethnic Effects on Odor Formation and the ABCC11 Polymorphism .. 944 // 49.8 Outlook: Toward More Specific Deodorants 944 // References 945 // 50 Individual Variation in Body Odor // Jan Havlícek, Jitka Fialová, S. Craig Roberts 949 // 50.1 Personality 950 // 50.2 Sexual Orientation 950 // 50.3 Hormonal Influences 950 // 50.4 Diet 951 // 50.5 Diseases and Disorders 954 // 50.6 Conclusion 958 // References 959 // 51 Processing of Human Body Odors // Valentina Parma, Amy R. Gordon, Cinzia Cecchetto, // Annachiara Cavazzana, Johan N. Lundström, MatsJ. Olsson 963 // 51.1 The Microsmatic Fallacy 964 // 51.2 Human Chemosignals 965 // 51.3 How do Human Senders Produce Chemosignals? 965 // 51.4 Human Axillary Chemosignals for Experimental Purposes 967 // 51.5 Central Processing of Human Chemosignals 970 // 51.6 Human Chemosignals of Harm Avoidance 972 // 51.7 Central Processing of Human Chemosignals Involved // in Harm Avoidance 975 // 51.8 A Clinical Perspective on Human Chemosignals 977 // 51.9 Conclusions 978 // References 979 // 52 Human Chemosensory Communication // Bettina M. Pause 987 // 52.1 Interindividual Communication 987 // 52 2 Release of Chemical Substances in Humans 989 // 52 3 perception of Social Chemosignals in Humans 989 // 52 4 chemosensory Communication via Single Molecules 991 // 52.5 chemosensory Communication via Complex Body Fluids 998 // 52.6 Outlook 1002 // References 1002 // Part G Odors in Language, Culture and Design // 53 Odor Descriptions from a Language Perspective // Jeannette Nuessli Outh, Maren Runte 1013 // 53.1 Comparison of Odor Terms Used by Experts // and in Everyday Language 1015 // 53.2 Odor Terms in Everyday Language 1019 // 53.3 Strategies to Describe Odor Perceptions in Everyday Language. 1023 // 53.4 Conclusion 1025 // References 1026 //

54 The Scent Creation Process // Elise Sarrazin 1027 // 54.1 The Role of Perfumer, Between Craftsman and Artist 1027 // 54.2 Perfumery is an Art 1030 // 54.3 Perfumery is a Science 1036 // 54.4 New Challenges in Scent Creation 1039 // 54.5 Conclusion 1040 // References 1040 // 55 Odor in immersive Environments // Manfred Dangelmaier, Roland Blach 1043 // 55.1 Defining Immersive Environments 1043 // 55.2 Virtual Reality 1045 // 55.3 Multimodality in Immersive Environments 1046 // 55.4 Functional Aspects of Odor in Human-Computer Interaction 1047 // 55.5 System Design 1047 // 55.6 Applications 1049 // References 1050 // 56 Odor in Marketing // Nathalie Nibbe, Ulrich R. Orth 1053 // 56.1 Using Scent for Marketing 1053 // 56.2 Effective Characteristics and Processing of Scent 1054 // 56.3 Consumer Response to Scent 1056 // 56.4 Cross-Modal Effects 1059 // 56.5 Moderators 1060 // 56.6 Ethical Aspects 1061 // 56.7 Future Research 1062 // 56.8 Conclusion 1063 References 1063 // Contents // 57 Sensual Perception in Architecture // Katinka Temme ?69 // 57.1 Space and Limits of Space ?70 // 57.2 Sensual Space ?71 // 57.3 Sensual Perception as a Design Method in Architecture ?76 // 57.4 The Ideal Laboratory ?77 // References - 079 // 58 Microdosing of Scents // Martin Richter 2Q32 // 58.1 Microdosing of Scent ?81 // 58.2 Generating Scent Molecules ?85 // 58.3 Microdosing Systems: Concepts 1087 // 58.4 New Applications for Microdosing of Scent 1094 // 58.5 Conclusions IO97 // References 2097 // About the Authors ?99 // Detailed Contents 1115 // Subject Index 1137