.

0 (hodnocen0 x )

BK

Second edition

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1998

xiv, 201 stran : ilustrace, mapy ; 23 cm

ISBN 978-0-521-59646-6 (dotisk ; brožováno)

Cambridge textbooks in linguistics

Obsahuje bibliografii na stranách 190-197 a rejstřík

Popsáno podle 15. dotisku z roku 2009

001479201

CONTENTS // Maps page ix // Figures xi // Tables xii // Preface to the second edition xiii // The international phonetic alphabet xiv // BACKGROUND // 1 Dialect and language 3 // 1.1 Mutual intelligibility 3 // 1.2 Language, dialect and accent 4 // 1.3 Geographical dialect continua 5 // 1.4 Social dialect continua 7 // 1.5 Autonomy and heteronomy 9 // 1.6 Discreteness and continuity 12 // Further information 12 // 2 Dialect geography 13 // 2.1 The impetus for dialect geography 13 // 2.2 An outline history of dialect geography 15 // 2.3 The methods of dialect geography 21 // 2.3.1 The questionnaire 21 // 2.3.2 Linguistic maps 25 // 2.3.3 The selection of informants 29 // Further information 31 // 3 Dialectology and linguistics 32 // 3.1 Dialectology and philology 32 // 3.2 Structural dialectology 33 // 3.2.1 Inventory, distribution and incidence 36 // 3.2.2 Lexical correspondences 37 // v // Contents // 3.3 Generative dialectology 39 // 34 Polylectal grammars 42 // Further information 44 // 4 Urban dialectology 45 // 4.1 Social dialects 45 // 4.2 Urban dialects 45 // 4.3 Representativeness 47 // 44 Obtaining data 48 // 4.5 Classifying informants 49 // 4.6 The linguistic variable 49 // Further information 53 // SOCIAL VARIATION // 5 Social differentiation and language 57 // 5.1 Language and social class 57 // 5.2 Stylistic differentiation 59 // 5.3 Sex differentiation 61 // 54 Other aspects of social differentiation in language 63 // 54.1 Language and ethnic group 63 // 54.2 Social

networks 64 // 54.3 Individual characteristics 67 // Further information 68 // 6 Sociolinguistic structure and linguistic innovation 70 // 6.1 Indicators and markers 70 // 6.1.1 Overt stigmatisation 72 // 6.1.2 Linguistic change 72 // 6.1.3 Phonological contrast 73 // 6. i .4 Stereotypes 75 // 6.2 The study of linguistic change 76 // 6.2.1 Patterns of age differentiation 78 // 6.3 Mechanisms of linguistic change 81 // 6.3.1 Stylistic variation 82 // 6.3.2 The role of sex 83 // 6.3.3 Covert prestige 85 // Further information 86 // VI // Contents // SPATIAL VARIATION // 7 Boundaries 89 // 7.1 Isoglosses 89 // 7.2 Patterns of isoglosses 91 // 7.2.1 Criss-cross 91 // 7.2.2 Transitions 93 // 7.2.3 Relic areas 94 // 7.3 Bundles 94 // 7.4 Grading of isoglosses 96 // 7.5 Cultural correlates of isoglosses 100 // 7.6 Isoglosses and dialect variation 103 // Further information 103 // 8 Transitions 104 // 8.1 Gradual and abrupt transition 104 // 8.2 Introduction to the variables 105 // 8.3 The transition zone for (u) 106 // 8.4 Mixed and fudged lects no // 8.5 The variable (a) 113 // 8.6 Transitions in general 118 // 8.7 Dialect variation and mapping 118 // 8.7.1 A relic feature in the west midlands 119 // 8.7.2 The interplay of social and geographical variation 120 // 8.7.3 Mapping social variation directly 121 // Further information 123 // MECHANISMS OF VARIATION // 9 Variability 127 // 9.1 The variable as a structural unit 127 // 9.1.1 Variability as accidental 128 // 9.1.2 Variability

as essential 128 // 9.1.3 Variable constraints 130 // 9.2 Implicational scales 131 // 9.2.1 Default singulars in Alabama 132 // 9.2.2 (CC) in northern England 133 // vii // Contents // 9.3 Handling quantitative data 135 // 94 Quantifying geographic variables 136 // 94.1 Dialectometry 137 // 94.2 Multidimensional scaling 140 // 94.3 A transition zone in Ohio 142 // 944 Correspondence analysis of the matrix 144 // 94.5 Linguistic distance and geographic distance 147 // Further information 148 // 10 Diffusion: sociolinguistic and lexical 149 // 10. i Real time and apparent time 149 // 10.1.1 Age-graded changes 151 // 10.2 Innovators of change 153 // 10.2.1 A class-based innovation in Norwich 153 // 10.2.2 A sex-based innovation in Belfast 155 // 10.2.3 An age-based innovation in the Golden Horseshoe 157 // 10.3 Lexical diffusion 159 // Further information 165 // ? Diffusion: geographical 166 // 11.1 Spatial diffusion of language 167 // 11.2 Spatial linguistics 167 // 11.3 Linguistic areas 168 // 114 Uvular /?/ in Europe 170 // 11.5 Diffusion down the urban hierarchy 172 // 11.6 Cartographical representation of spatial diffusion 176 // 11.6.1 The Norwegian study 177 // 11.7 Explanations in sociolinguistic dialect geography 178 // 11.8 Further refinements to the model 185 // Further information 186 // 12 Cohesion in dialectology 187 // Further information 189 // References 190 // Index 198 // vin // MAPS // i-1 European dialect continua 6 // 1- 2 Sweden and Denmark ? // 2- 1 Display

map for ‘newt’ 26 // 2-2 Interpretive map for ‘newt’ 28 // 6- 1 /j/-dropping in eastern England 74 // 7- 1 Single-line isoglosses 90 // 7-2 Double-line heteroglosses 90 // 7-3 Features separating Low German and High German 92 // 7-4 Isoglosses around the German villages of Bubsheim, // Denkingen and Böttingen 93 // 7-5 Rhode dialects in England 95 // 7-6 Bundles of isoglosses in France 96 // 7- 7 Isoglosses and place-names in Massachusetts 101 // 8- 1 England, showing the southern limit of [u] in some and // [a] in chaff 107 // 8-2 East Anglia and the east midlands, showing occurrences of (u) 108 // 8-3 The distribution of mixed lects in the transition zone 111 // 8-4 Distribution of fudged lects 112 // 8-5 The elements of a transition zone 114 // 8-6 Variable (a) in East Anglia and the east midlands 116 // 8-7 The transition zone for (a) in East Anglia and // the east midlands 117 // 8-8 Final velar stops in the west midlands of England 120 // 8- 9 Lexical choices at the Canada-US border at Niagara 122 // 9- 1 Southwest Gascony showing linguistic distances 139 // 9-2 Northwestern Ohio 142 // 11-1 Front rounded vowels in northwestern Europe 169 // 11-2 Uvular /?/ in Europe 171 // 11-3 Uvular /?/ in southern Sweden 172 // 11-4 Uvular /?/ in Norway, older speakers 173 // IX // Maps // 11-5 Uvular /?/ in Norway, younger speakers 174 // 11-6 Uvular /?/ in greater social detail 175 // 11-7 /«/-raising in northern Illinois 176 // 11-8 Brunlanes, Norway 177 // 11-9 (sj) in

Brunlanes, speakers aged over 70 179 // n-? (sj) in Brunlanes, speakers aged 25-69 180 // 11-11 (sj) in Brunlanes, speakers aged under 24 181 // 11-12 East Anglian centres 182 // x // FIGURES // i-i The initial linguistic situation in Jamaica page 8 // 1-2 The situation after contact between English and // Creole speakers 8 // 1-3 West Germanic dialect continuum ? // 1-4 Scandinavian dialect continuum ? // 5- 1 The (?) variable in Ballymacarrett, The Hammer and // Clonard, Belfast 67 // 6- 1 Norwich (ng) by class and style 71 // 6-2 Norwich (a:) by class and style 71 // 6-3 Norwich (0) by class and style 73 // 6-4 Norwich (ng) by age and style 78 // 6-5 Norwich (e) by age and style 80 // 6-6 Norwich (ir) by age and style 81 // 6-7 New York City (r) by class and style 83 // 9-1 Multidimensional scaling of northwestern Ohio informants 146 // io-1 Representation of a typical variable 154 // 10-2 Class differences for the variable (e) in Norwich 155 // 10-3 Sex and age differences for two variables in // Ballymacarrett, Belfast 156 // 10-4 Use of couch and chesterfield by different age groups 159 // 10-5 Progress of lexical diffusion on the assumption that // diffusion proceeds at a uniform rate 162 // 10-6 Progress of lexical diffusion in the S-curve model 163 // 10- 7 Speakers in the transition zone for variable (u) 164 // 11- I  /-raising in northern Illinois by size of town 176 // TABLES // 6-1 Endings of selected infinitives in Tdnsberg Norwegian page 77 // 6-2 Age group differentiation

in Eskilstuna 78 // 6-3 Age differentiation in Washington, DC 80 // 6-4 Stress assignment in Trondheim Norwegian 86 // 8-1 Summary of lectal types for (u) 113 // 8- 2 The lectal continuum for (a) in East Anglia and the // east midlands 118 // 9- 1 The possible lects in a speech community in which (X) // implies (Y) 131 // 9- 2 Default singulars in Anniston, Alabama, shown as a // scalogram 133 // 9-3 A scalogram of the variable constraints on (CC) // in northern England 134 // 9-4 Nine variables used by ten informants in northwestern Ohio 143 // io-1 Pre-adult groups in New York City 152 // 10-2 Occurrences of the words couch, chesterfield and // sofa in the Golden Horseshoe 158 // 10- 3 Lexical variants among speakers in the transition zone // for the variable (u) 161 // ?-i Influence index scores of London and East Anglian centres 182 // 11- 2 Influence index scores of northern Illinois centres 184 // xii // INDEX // acculturation, 152 Afrikaans, ?, 12 // age-graded change, see change, linguistic Albanian, 169 Allen, Harold B., 18 Anderson, J. A., 44 // apparent time, 21, 76, 149, 151, 164-5, 178 Atwood, E. Bagby, 18 autonomy, 9-12 // Bailey, C.-J., 44, 188 Bailey, G., 69, 165 Barry, M., 31 Bartoli, M., 186 Baugh, J., 69 Bay of Biscay, 139 Berlin, ?., 131, 145 Bemart d’Auriac, 13 Bickerton, D., 44 Bielenstein, J. G. A., 89 Bloch, B., 31 // Bloomfield, L., 44, 92, 93, 103 Bonfante, G., 186 Brun, A., 102 Bulgarian, 6, 7, 169, 170 Butters, R., 69 // Callary, R., 186 cartogram,

122-3 Catalan, 6 // Cedergren, H., 68, 165 // Chambers, J. K., 12, 31, 44, 53, 68, 103, // 122, 123, 134, 148, 159, 165, 186, 189 change, linguistic, 32, 33, 38, 67, 72, 76-86, 150, 167, 178 // age-graded change, 76, 79, 121, 151-3, // 157-9 // change in progress, 76, 109, 152, 153, // 160, 162 Chen, M., 165 Cheshire, J., 53, 69, 165 Chinese, 39 // Christian, D., 86 Cichocki, W., 140, 148 class, social, 3, 45, 49, 57-9, 70-2, 81-2, 86, 99, 120, 128, 130, 145, 149, 153-7, 173 NORMs, 29, 30, 45, 47, 94, 95, 98, 106, // 118, 143, 144, 145, 150 working class, 3, 57-9, 62, 66, 70, 81, 84, 99, 132, 135, 153-7, 167 Coates, J., 68 Cochrane, G. R., 44 colour terms, 131-2 Combrink, J., 12 covert prestige, 85-6 Croatian, 6, 7 Czech, 6 // Dakota, 135 // Danish, 3, 4, 6, II, 12, 168, 170 Daveluy, M., 165 Davis, A., 142, 143, 144, 147, 148 De Camp, D., 46, 53 // dialect geography, 5, 13-31, 97, 100, 101, 103, 148, 167 dialectometry, 137-40 diasystem, 35-40 Dieth, Eugen, 19, 22, 23 display map, 25-9, 31, 138, 139-40, 167-8, 170-1, 176 // dissimilarity matrix, 138 // Douglas-Cowie, E., 69 // Dutch, 6, 9, ?, 43, 168, 170, 185, 186 // Eckert, P., 165 // Edmont, Edmond, 17, 21, 23, 29, 95 Eiert, C, 186 Ellis, Alexander, 15 // English, 3, 7, 8, 9, 13, 34» 36, 39» 98, 99» // 105, 106, 129, 135, 168 American, 11, 12, 36, 42, 43, 63, 76, 77, 83, 121-3, 129, 172 Australian, 13, 36, 129 British, 9, il, 75 // 198 // Index // Canadian, ?, 36, 97, 98, 121-3, 129, 135, I54* iS? // English, 8, 36, 37, 40,

41, 49, 57-61, 70-5, 105-18, 129 Irish, 36 // New Zealand, 36 // North American, 11, 17-18, 79, 99, 135 Northern Ireland, 66-8, 155-7 Received Pronunciation, 35, 37, 38, 42, // 53» 58, 59» 61, 73, 74, 80, 81, 83, 84, // 113, 154» ISS Scots, 12, 35, 36, 43, 61 South African, 36 Welsh, 36, 44, 59, 168 // Fasold, R. W., 86, 148 Feagin, C, 132, 133, 148 fine stratification, see stratification Finnish, 168 Fintoft, K., 86 Flemish, 6 Fletcher, P., 148 Foldvik, A. K., 173, 174, 186 Francis, W. N., 31 free variation, 49, 128 French, 6, 9, 168, 170, 186 Canadian, II, 62 // langue d oc, langue d oil, 13, 14, 96, // 103 // Parisian, 3, 170 fudge, 110-18, 119 fudged lects, 110-18, 117-19 // Gal, S., 165 // Gascony, 15, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141 geolinguistics, 137, 144 German, 3, 4, 6, 9, 31, 32, 33, 43, 91-2, 93, 94, 168, 170, 186 High German, Low German, 91-2 Swiss German, 11, 38 Gerritsen, M., 186 // Gilliéron, Jules, 16, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 31, 95, 101, 137 Glauser, B., 44 Goebl, H., 140, 148 Golden Horseshoe, 15, 157, 158, 165 gravity model (of diffusion), 166, 178-85 Greek, 40, 169 // Green, E., and R. Green, 101, 103 Grimm’s Law, 14 Gulbrandsen, Per P., 86 Guy, G., 148 // Hägerstrand, T., 166, 186 Halliday, W. J., 31, 148 Hanley, M., 31 Haugen, E., 12 // Hautes-Pyrénées, 139 Henley, N., 68 heteroglosses, 89-91 heteronomy, 9-12 Hockett, C, 12 Holm, J., 12 Holmes, J., 68 Horvath, B., 165 Hsieh, H.-L, 165 Hudson, R. A., 53 Hughes, A., 86, 148 human geography, 177, 186 Hungarian,

168 Hymes, D., 12 hypercorrection, 42, 82, 86 Labov-hypercorrection, 82, 86 // indicators, 72, 86 // innovation diffusion, 149-65, 166-86, // 188 // invariant was, 132 // isoglosses, 27, 33, 34, 89-103, 104-5, 109, 118-19, 140, 168, 178 Italian, 6, 22, 168, 170 // Jaberg, Karl, 17, 22 Jakobson, R., 186 Jamaican Creole, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 Jansen, F., 186 Japanese, 135 // Jochnowitz, George, 25, 31, 96, 102, 103 Johnston, P. A., 189 Jud,Jakob, 17, 22 // Kay, P., 131, 148 Kaufman, T., 186 Keyser, S. J., 44 King, R. D., 44 Kirk, J. M., 140, 148 Knowles, G. O., 53 Kolb, Edouard, 19, 25 Kretzschmar, W. A., 18, 20, 31, 103, 123, 140, 148, 186, 189 Kristensen, Marius, 16 Kurath, Hans, 17, 18, 25, 29, 30, 31, 44, 45, 103 // Labov, William, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 64, 68, 82, 83, 85, 86, 148, 152, 154, 165, 188, // 189 // Labov-hypercorrection, see hypercorrection Lavandera, B., 53 Lehmann, W., 31 // Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 45, 93, 142, 144 // Loman, Guy S., Jr, 18, 31 // 199 // Index // Macaulay, R. K. S., 53, 119, 120, 123 Macedonian, 6, 7, 169 macro-survey, 150 markers, 72, 73, 74, 86, 99 McDavid, Raven I., Jr, 18, 31, 44, 142, 143, 144, 147, 148 McIntosh, Angus, 16, 31 micro-survey, 150 Milroy, L., 53, 69, 156, 165 Mitzka, W., 16, 31 mixed lects, no, in, 117-19, 147 Mjaavatn, P. E., 86 Montgomery, M., 69 Moulton, William G., 34, 38, 44 Mühlhäusler, P., 12 // multidimensional scaling, 137, 140-2, 146, // 147 // multivariate statistics, 137,

140-1, 144, 145, // 148 // neighbourhood effect, 169, 174 // Neogrammarians, 14, 32, 44, 188 // neolinguistics, 167-8, 186 // Newton, Brian, 40, 44 // Nichols, J., 186 // Nord berg, B., 86 // NORMs, see class, social // Norwegian, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12, 77, 86, 121, // 168, 170 // Nouvel atlas linguistique de la France, 25, // 29, 31, 137, 138, 140 // observer’s paradox, 48 Ogura, M., 140, 148 O’Neill, W. O., 44 // Orton, Harold, 19, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 123, 148 // Palmer, L. R., 103 Parry, D., 19 // Pederson, L., 18, 19, 20, 24, 31 // Petyt, K. M., 68 // Phillips, B. S., 165 // Philps, D., 148 // Pickford, G. R., 31 // Polish, 6 // polylectal grammars, 42-4 Pop, Sie ver, 31 Portuguese, 6 Preston, D., 189 Proto-Indo-European, 14 Pulgram, Ernst, 39, 44 // real time, 21, 76, 149-51, 164-5 Reed, D., 144, 148 relic area, 94, 95, 104, 167, 168 Rhenish fan, 92, 103 // Robinson, A., 186 Romaine, S., 12, 68 Romanian, 169-70 Russian, 6, 170 // Sale, R., 186 Sand, L., 165 Sanderson, Stewart, 19 Sankoff, G., 68 Sapir, Edward, 93, 127 Saporta, S., 44 Saussure, Ferdinand de, 20 scalogram, 131-5 Scandinavian, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 168 Scheurmeier, Paul, 17 S-curve model of diffusion, 163-4 Séguy, J., 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 148 Serbian, 6, 7 Shuy, R. W., 53 Sivertsen, Eva, 46, 53 Sj0stedt, G., 186 Slavic, 6, 7, 168 Slovak, 6 Slovene, 6, 7 Spanish, 6, 168 Spicer, J. L., 144, 148 Sranan, 7, 12 stratification fine, 71, 86, 153 sharp, 70, 86 // style, 24, 48, 59-61, 70-2, 80, 81, 82-3,

// 130, 153-5 // subject/verb nonconcord, 132 Survey of English Dialects, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 31, 94» 106, 108, 113, 129, 134 // Survey of Scottish Dialects, 16, 20, 29 Swedish, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, u, 12, 78, 168, 170 // Thibault, P., 165 // Tillery, J., 165 // Thomas, A. R., 44, 140, 148 // Thomason, S., 186 // Thome, B., 68 // Tilling, P. M., 31, 123 // Todd, L., 12 // transition zones, 93-4, 104-23, 139, 142-8, 162, 164 Trevisa, 13, 14 Trubetzkoy, N., 186 // Trudgill, P., 12, 44, 53, 68, 69, 71, 73» 86, 95, 103, 165, 171, 175» 186 Tsuruoka, 151, 165 // Ukrainian, 6 Ulseth, B., 86 Underwood, G. N., 31 // 200 // Index // Upton, C., 19, 20 // urban dialectology, 45-53» 57. io-?, 127, // 130, 149» 151» 15?» 172-3» 187» 189 // variable constraints, 129, 130-5, 148 variables, linguistic, 49, 50-3, 57-69, 70-86, 104-23, 127-48, 150, 153, 183-5 Anniston default singulars, 132-3, 135, 136 Articlave (ng), 68 Belfast (ae), 66-7 Belfast (?), 156 Belfast (th), 156 Bradford (h), 59 British (t), 51, 75 Brunlanes (sj), 178-81, 185, 186 Detroit (CC), 129, 130, 134, 135 East Anglia (h), 183 Edinburgh (r), 62, 63 // English (a), 105-6, 113-18, 119, 123, 147 English (u), 105-9, no-14, 117, 119, // 123, 129, 147, 161-4 Glasgow (i), 61 Illinois (ae), 172-6, 183-5 Mississippi copula deletion, 63-5, 69 Montreal (1), 62 // New York City (CC), 129, 130, 135, 148 New York City copula deletion, 64-9 New York City (??), 65 New York City (r), 50, 82-3 northern England (CC), 129, 130, 133-5,

148 // Norwich (a:), 53, 58-9, 71-2, 75, 115, 116 // Norwich (e), 79, 80, 81, 154 Norwich (1), 82 Norwich (ir), 81 Norwich (o), 73, 83 Norwich (h), 59, 72 // Norwich (ng), 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 70, 72, 79 // Norwich (t), 50, 51, 58, 59, 72 Norwich (yu), 73, 74, 75 Washington (CC), 79-80 zee and zed, 151-2 Vasiliu, E., 44 Verner’s Law, 14 // Viereck, Wolfgang, 46, 53, 140, 148 // Wakelin, M. F., 31, 103, 107, 123 Walshe, M., 12 Wang, W. S.-Y., 165 Weinreich, Uriel, 34-6, 38, 39, 44, 127 Wells, J. C, 86 // Wenker, Georg, 15-16, 17, 19, 21, 29, 31, 32,33 // Widdowson, John, 19 Wikle, T., 165 Wolff, H., 12 // Wolfram, Walt, 53, 69, 86, 148 Woods, A., 148 Wrede, Ferdinand, 16 Wright, Nathalia, 19, 25, 28 // 201